Binge Eating Disorder Learning The Differences Between

Binge Eating Disorder: Learning the Differences Between Disorders, and How to Spot and Treat it Whether one is skinny or fat, one can suffer from an eating disorder. Eating disorders can be difficult to manage, one specifically being binge eating disorder. Binge eating disorder is an eating disorder in which one compulsively overeats, or is unable to stop eating large quantities of food, at least twice in one week, over a period of six months (Binge Eating Disorder, 2014). Binge eating is more commonly known for eating very rapidly until one is full at a very uncomfortable level, eating these large quantities of food when one is not hungry, and ultimately the feelings of disgust or self-hatred after consuming these large amounts of food†¦show more content†¦Not only can binge eating disorder be harmful to the body, but it is also the most common eating disorder between both males and females (Albert and Kelly, 2003). While binge eating is the most common, that does not mean that the other eating disorders like bulimia nervosa or anorexia are not as prevalent. Anorexia nervosa is very common, mostly with women and teenagers and is quite dangerous if not given the appropriate treatment (Woodside, and Garfinkel, 1992). Definitions and Symptoms One kind of binge eating disorder is a subtype of anorexia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is a disorder where a person does not eat hardly any food, causing them to lose a significant amount of weight, usually because of a fear of gaining weight or because they feel they are overweight when they are actually unusually thin (Comer, 2014). This can be extremely dangerous because if one does not eat food, then how are they expected to stay alive? Anorexia nervosa is one of the most dangerous of the eating disorders since people who have this disorder never eat, they often starve to death or die from malnutrition One of the subtypes of anorexia nervosa is binge eating and purging, where one consumes large amounts of food and then finds a way to get rid of the food whether it be through vomiting, laxatives, or intense exercise (Halmi,Show MoreRelated Eating Disorders And Substance Abuse Essay1636 Words   |  7 PagesEating Disorders And Substance Abuse Common Eating Disorders: The two most common eating disorders are bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Both disorders, primarily affect young women, therefore the majority of the research on eating disorders has been done with women subjects. The onset of bulimia is between adolescence and early adulthood while the onset of anorexia is between early and late adolescence. Not only is the onset different but the disorders are unique. Bulimia nervosa isRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety Disorders1193 Words   |  5 PagesAnxiety Disorder â€Å"Anxiety refers to the brain response to danger, stimuli that an organism will actively attempt to avoid† (Beesdo, Knappe, Pine, 2009, p. 1). Both children and adolescence are at risk of anxiety disorders; it is known that it is the most frequent disorder of these age groups. The classification can be found in a DSM or ICD (Beesdo, Knappe, Pine, 2009). In children, the separation from normal anxiety to pathological anxiety is difficult to assess. Some examples of normal anxietyRead MoreEating Disorders1435 Words   |  6 PagesA Silent Epidemic: Eating Disorders among College Women For Jennifer Keagan, high school was a thrill. She was one of the most popular girls in school. She was valedictorian, homecoming queen, student body president, an honor roll student, and the list goes on. She always strived for perfection. Life was easy for Jennifer. She always got what she wanted. Unfortunately, this all came to a halt when it was time for her to face an all new reality: college. Jennifer was no longer around her friendsRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Eating Disorders1608 Words   |  7 Pages The eating disorders, Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa are psychological life threatening disorders that are becoming more common in today’s society. When an eating disorder is developed, the victim is not always aware of the oral consequences he or she will have to endure. This review of research indicates the risks and consequences associated with eating disorders and oral health. Introduction It is estimated that up to 24 million Americans suffer from serious eating disorders suchRead MoreThe Role Of Nature And Nurture : Adolescence Eating Disorders1735 Words   |  7 PagesTHE ROLE OF NATURE AND NURTURE IN ADOLESCENCE EATING DISORDERS Written for Portage Learning Developmental (Lifespan) Psychology Introduction Eating disorders are complex of medical and psychiatric disorders, it can affect individuals of any age, sex, race, gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic level. The majority of the Eating disorders discovered during adolescence, but clinicians and psychologists have found an increasing number of young children, old adults diagnosed with these illnessRead MoreExposure Therapy749 Words   |  3 PagesSteinglass and colleagues have found little evidence for the effectiveness of exposure therapy for treating eating disorders. Even with the previous research described above, results of those studies were not promising because of small sample sizes, and result indicating only small statistically significant differences between exposure treatment groups and control groups. In an effort to continue to strengthen the utility and safety of exposure therapy, Steinglass et al. (2007) examined the effectivenessRead MoreRelationship Between Health Care Professionals918 Words   |  4 Pagescommunication is important. According to (Kinnersly and Edward) who wrote a journal article regarding the relationships between health care professionals their patients. They stated in a journal â€Å"That poor communication in clinical health savings is the largest source of pa tient dissatisfaction some very effective techniques for all professionals† (Kinnersley, 2013). In mental health care learning how to effectively communicate with your clients is most important technique. Its helps the doctors to identifyRead MoreTypes Of Medication Used For Treatment1031 Words   |  5 PagesAntidepressants – used to treat depression, panic disorder, PTSD, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, borderline personality disorder and eating disorders. †¢ Antipsychotic medications – used to treat psychotic symptoms (delusions and hallucinations), schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. †¢ Sedatives and anxiolytics – used to treat anxiety and insomnia. †¢ Hypnotics – used to induce and maintain sleep. †¢ Mood stabilizers – used to treat bipolar disorder. †¢ Stimulants – used to treat ADHD Other treatmentRead More The Physiology and Psychology of Bulimia Essay2743 Words   |  11 PagesThe Physiology and Psychology of Bulimia Bulimia is a disorder centered around an individual’s obsession with food and weight. This obsession involves eating large quantities of food, feeling guilty about the food consumption, and taking drastic measures to prevent caloric/fat absorption. Measures vary with each individual and include one or all of the following: forced vomiting, abuse of laxatives or diuretics, or excessive exercise. This disease affects one to three percent of adolescent andRead MoreP3 Explain specific health psychology issues Essay example3972 Words   |  16 Pagesï » ¿P3 Explain specific health psychology issues Eating disorders are characterised by an abnormal attitude towards food that causes an individual to change their eating habits and their behaviour. There are several types of eating disorders that can effect an individual physically, psychologically and socially. The two eating disorders which I will be discussing is anorexia and bulimia. Anorexia is an eating disorder and a mental health condition which can be life-threatening. Anorexia is an irrational

Jamestown Colony Settlers - 1874 Words

The settlers were instructed to search for precious metals, copper and gold in particular. Admiral Newport returned with two ships with these supposed metals in tow, to show to the crown and, if these metals were sufficient, he would return with more men and supplies to assist the new colony. In a letter Newport remarks, â€Å"The country is excellent and very rich in gold and copper. Of the gold we have brought a say and hope to be with Your Lordship shortly to show His Majesty and the rest of the Lords†. Unfortunately for the Virginia Company the primary mineral brought back to England were worthless as it was pyrite, that is, fool’s gold. Determining the effect the Jamestown colony had on the environment and on the Native American cultures of the Chesapeake Bay vicinity is a complex issue that must be examined from the perspective of both the Powhatan people and the English settlers. Prior to the establishment of Jamestown, approximately 15,000 natives inhabited the area around Chesapeake Bay, most of whom were ruled by Chief Powhatan. The initial interactions between the Powhatan people and the English were, at times, volatile and violent. Each society lived based on very different principles, especially in regard to the responsibilities of individuals and gender role deviations. Each group, believing they were correct, expected the other to comply with their rules and customs, and when they did not, relations deteriorated. One subject, in particular, that these twoShow MoreRelatedJamestown834 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Shannon Springstead Honors US History 1 09/09/13 Jamestown Jamestown settlement was the first successful establishment when the 13 colonies on North America were founded. In 1606, King James I sent a charter known as the First Charter of Virginia to the Virginia Company in order to assign land rights to colonists. By assigning land rights, King James I had a better grip on propagating the Anglican Religion to the settlers. He also had the intentions of rectifying other countries fromRead MoreThe Battle Of The Settlers By John Smith1474 Words   |  6 PagesWith Captain Newport gone, John Smith took matters into his own hands, doing what he believed was best for the colony. In a desperate effort to save the settlers, Smith made a courageous attempt to trade with the local Native Americans for food. On December 10, 1607, Smith and a small group of men sailed up the James River only to be attacked by a Native American tribe when they entered the forest. In the short, bloody battle, two Native American warriors were killed as well as the col onial explorersRead MoreEssay on Jamestown Vs. New England Colony1272 Words   |  6 PagesJamestown and the Massachusetts Bay Colony had many similarities and differences. Many of these differences were due to their physical location and climatic conditions. The success of both colonies can be contributed to strong leadership and the characteristics of the personalities of the settlers that inhabited each settlement. Many of the early problems in both settlements can be contributed to a lack of knowledge on the parts of the settlers along with attacks from neighboring Native AmericanRead MoreEssay about Jamestown - The First English Colony1194 Words   |  5 PagesJamestown: The first English colony In spite of the many Indian massacres, Jamestown still grew to be a successful colony. The London Company was the main founder of Jamestown. The London Companys founders believed that there were precious metals in America so they sent a group of settlers to Jamestown. The trip to the Americas was not a very easy one for these settlers. They had to overcome many obstacles just to get to the Americas. In 1619 the House of Burgesses was formed which markedRead MoreEssay about Jamestown Project1374 Words   |  6 PagesThe Jamestown Project discusses the monumental landmark, the colony of Jamestown, was in Atlantic History. The story of Jamestown is told in a much more authentic, elaborate style than our textbooks has presented. As Kupperman points out, Jamestown was not only important to United State’s history but also to British history. From the motivations to the lasting effects, she gives an accurate account of all components involved in Jamestown. Also, there is a ch apter devoted to the Native American experienceRead MoreWhat Did The First Permanent Colony?1525 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst permanent colony in America. Jamestown expedition was not the first attempt to establish a colony on the mid-Atlantic coast. In 1585, Sir Walter Ralegh sponsored a colony on Roanoke Island, off the mainland of North Carolina, which ended the following year which ended in abandonment. The other attempt was made in 1587 under the leadership of John White, which also ended in failure along with the disappearance of 117 men, women, and children, â€Å"known since as the Lost Colony of Roanoke.† Jamestown’sRead MoreEnglish Relationship Between English Indians And Native Americans1092 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween English settlers and Native American tribes were central to both the successes and the failures of the early English colonies in America. Although conflict often characterized relationships between the so-called â€Å"Indians† and the English, many of the initial colonies owed their survival and successes to the natives. The Native Americans were valuable trading partners, occasional a llies, and aid in sickness and famine. However, various conflicts between tribes and settlers lead to attacksRead MoreNative Americans And The United States991 Words   |  4 PagesNative Americans traveled during the Ice Age through the Bering Strait and English settlers sailed the Atlantic. Due to unknown reasons, most of the Native societies except for the Aztecs collapse before the arrival of the Europeans, which gives shine to the English settlements since their attainment set the roots of our society today. More importantly, it should be recognized the diverse cultures of English settlers since it has set the precedent for the tolerance and freedom of expression that isRead More Native Americans Essays603 Words   |  3 Pagesof English settlement in the American colonies, the Indian-European relationship of each area was the determining factor in the survival of the newly established colonies. By working together and exchanging methods of food production and survival, an E nglish colony could maintain its population and continue to support the arrival of new settlers. However, a colony that had trouble maintaining ties with their Indian neighbors had a tough time attracting settlers and adapting to their environment. TheRead MoreThe Colonial Strategies of the Spanish1007 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Atlantic trade in slaves and sugar as well. The Dutch settlers had little respect for the Algonquian-speaking local natives so they took over the natives’ farming land, and, consequently, the natives took their trading network.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These similarities and differences were reflected in the nations’ settlements in the New World. The French and Dutch established fur-trading colonies and the English and Spanish created settler colonies. Also, the way these three peoples interacted with the natives

Action Plan for Effective Listening Free Essays

â€Å"Action Plan for Effective Listening† Please respond to the following: Discussion 1: â€Å"Action Plan for Effective Listening. † Create a formalized action plan with specific steps describing what you can do to evaluate your progress in becoming an effective listener. Look at the sample action plan in â€Å"Thinking Activity: 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Action Plan for Effective Listening or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4† and you must review the â€Å"Eight steps of effective listening† before you are able to answer this question. Students will respond to the following: Describe exactly what you will do to improve your listening. Must show steps that relate to improving listening. It takes a lot of concentration and determination to be an active listener. Old habits are hard to break, and if your listening habits are as bad as many people’s are, then there’s a lot of habit-breaking to do! Be deliberate with your listening and remind yourself frequently that your goal is to truly hear what the other person is saying. Set aside all other thoughts and behaviors and concentrate on the message. Ask questions, reflect, and paraphrase to ensure you understand the message. If you don’t, then you’ll find that what someone says to you and what you hear can be amazingly different! Describe when and where you will try to improve your listening (days/times/places). Must be specific. I would start using active listening today to become a better communicator, improve my workplace productivity, and develop better relationships. Describe specifically how you will check your progress. Must be specific. Being an actively empathic listener means, then, that you not only make sure you’re actively paying attention but that you let the speaker you know you are. You ask questions when you’re not clear on what the other person is communicating, you try to infer what the person is feeling, and you let the person know that you remember what he or she actually said. You never drift off into la-la land, and your face doesn’t assume that of a computer in sleep mode. How to cite Action Plan for Effective Listening, Papers

Personality Psychology- an Integrative Essay Essay Example

Personality Psychology- an Integrative Essay Paper Traditionally personality has been framed largely into multiple grand theories: psychoanalysis (Freud, Jung), humanistic theories (Rogers, Maslow), social-learning theories (Bandura, Mischel), cognitive-phenomenological theories (Kelly, Laing), trait theories (Eysenck, Cattell, the Big Five), narrative (McAdams, Bruner) and so on. However Personality psychology is yet to articulate clearly a comprehensive framework for understanding the whole person. This essay will attempt to provide a summary of McAdams integrative approach to personality with three different levels: dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations and narrative. McAdams proposed that evolution provides the general design for psychological individuality against which the socially consequential variations in human lives can be conceived. Human beings have evolved to take note of those variations that are most important for group life, summarized at the broadest level in terms of individual differences in dispositional traits. By sketching out the universe of broad trait dispositions that people in many different cultures use to refer to the most general variations in psychological individuality, the Big Five offers a comprehensive system for organizing basic personality tendencies. Whereas traits provide a dispositional sketch or signature, characteristic adaptations spell out many of the details of psychological individuality as contextualized in time, situations, and social roles. Goals, strivings, coping strategies, values, beliefs, and other motivational, developmental, and social– cognitive versions of characteristic adaptations are activated in response to and ultimately shaped by everyday social demands. Adler, Erikson, Rogers, Maslow, Kelly, Bandura—none of these personality theorists showed more than passing interest in dispositional traits. Instead, they emphasized motivation and the dynamics of behavior, social learning and cognitive schemata, strategies and coping mechanisms, developmental challenges and stages, and the ever-changing details of individual adaptation to the social world. We will write a custom essay sample on Personality Psychology- an Integrative Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Personality Psychology- an Integrative Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Personality Psychology- an Integrative Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What do people want? What do they value? How do people seek out what they want and avoid what they fear? In particular the humanist perspective, influenced greatly by the work of prominent humanists such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizes the role of motivation on thought and behaviour. Concepts such as self-actualization are an essential part of this perspective, conceptualised by a hierarchy of needs each level both independent and interdependent of the next. If traits sketch an outline of human individuality, characteristic adaptations fill in some of the details. McAdams final level is that of integrative life narratives. Narrative approaches to personality suggest that human beings construe their own lives as ongoing stories and that these life stories help to shape behavior, establish identity, and integrate individuals into modern social life Narrative identity is indeed that story the person tries to â€Å"keep going†Ã¢â‚¬â€an internalized and evolving narrative of the self that incorporates the reconstructed past and the imagined future into a more or less coherent whole in order to provide the person’s life with some degree of unity, purpose, and meaning. The psychosocial construction of narrative identity moves personality from broad trends (dispositional traits) and the specific responses to daily life demands (characteristic adaptations) to the challenge of making meaning out of one’s life in a complex world. Dispositional traits play the fundamental role of sketching the outline while characteristic adaptations fill the details of human individuality, then narrative identities give individual their unique and culturally anchored meanings. While McAdams describes personality in terms of these three levels: dispositional trait, characteristic adaptations and narrative; there is an underlying notion that influences them all, culture.. At the level of dispositional traits, culture provides display rules and demand characteristics for behavioural expression, but culture has little impact on the magnitude or strength of traits. At the level of characteristic adaptations, culture sets agendas for the timing and content of goals, strivings, relational patterns, and the like. Culture has its strongest impact at the level of life narrative, providing a menu or anthology of arrative forms from which individuals draw in making meaning out of their lives. In conclusion, Personality is an individual’s unique variation on the general evolutionary design for human nature, expressed as a developing pattern of dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations (notions from humanistic, psychodynamic, social-cognitive approaches), and integrative life stories complexly and differentially situated in culture. The principles articulated in this essay mark a newfound effort to assume a central and integrative position within the discipline of personality psychology. Personality Psychology- an Integrative Essay Essay Example Personality Psychology- an Integrative Essay Paper Traditionally personality has been framed largely into multiple grand theories: psychoanalysis (Freud, Jung), humanistic theories (Rogers, Maslow), social-learning theories (Bandura, Mischel), cognitive-phenomenological theories (Kelly, Laing), trait theories (Eysenck, Cattell, the Big Five), narrative (McAdams, Bruner) and so on. However Personality psychology is yet to articulate clearly a comprehensive framework for understanding the whole person. This essay will attempt to provide a summary of McAdams integrative approach to personality with three different levels: dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations and narrative. McAdams proposed that evolution provides the general design for psychological individuality against which the socially consequential variations in human lives can be conceived. Human beings have evolved to take note of those variations that are most important for group life, summarized at the broadest level in terms of individual differences in dispositional traits. By sketching out the universe of broad trait dispositions that people in many different cultures use to refer to the most general variations in psychological individuality, the Big Five offers a comprehensive system for organizing basic personality tendencies. Whereas traits provide a dispositional sketch or signature, characteristic adaptations spell out many of the details of psychological individuality as contextualized in time, situations, and social roles. Goals, strivings, coping strategies, values, beliefs, and other motivational, developmental, and social– cognitive versions of characteristic adaptations are activated in response to and ultimately shaped by everyday social demands. Adler, Erikson, Rogers, Maslow, Kelly, Bandura—none of these personality theorists showed more than passing interest in dispositional traits. Instead, they emphasized motivation and the dynamics of behavior, social learning and cognitive schemata, strategies and coping mechanisms, developmental challenges and stages, and the ever-changing details of individual adaptation to the social world. We will write a custom essay sample on Personality Psychology- an Integrative Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Personality Psychology- an Integrative Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Personality Psychology- an Integrative Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer What do people want? What do they value? How do people seek out what they want and avoid what they fear? In particular the humanist perspective, influenced greatly by the work of prominent humanists such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, emphasizes the role of motivation on thought and behaviour. Concepts such as self-actualization are an essential part of this perspective, conceptualised by a hierarchy of needs each level both independent and interdependent of the next. If traits sketch an outline of human individuality, characteristic adaptations fill in some of the details. McAdams final level is that of integrative life narratives. Narrative approaches to personality suggest that human beings construe their own lives as ongoing stories and that these life stories help to shape behavior, establish identity, and integrate individuals into modern social life Narrative identity is indeed that story the person tries to â€Å"keep going†Ã¢â‚¬â€an internalized and evolving narrative of the self that incorporates the reconstructed past and the imagined future into a more or less coherent whole in order to provide the person’s life with some degree of unity, purpose, and meaning. The psychosocial construction of narrative identity moves personality from broad trends (dispositional traits) and the specific responses to daily life demands (characteristic adaptations) to the challenge of making meaning out of one’s life in a complex world. Dispositional traits play the fundamental role of sketching the outline while characteristic adaptations fill the details of human individuality, then narrative identities give individual their unique and culturally anchored meanings. While McAdams describes personality in terms of these three levels: dispositional trait, characteristic adaptations and narrative; there is an underlying notion that influences them all, culture.. At the level of dispositional traits, culture provides display rules and demand characteristics for behavioural expression, but culture has little impact on the magnitude or strength of traits. At the level of characteristic adaptations, culture sets agendas for the timing and content of goals, strivings, relational patterns, and the like. Culture has its strongest impact at the level of life narrative, providing a menu or anthology of arrative forms from which individuals draw in making meaning out of their lives. In conclusion, Personality is an individual’s unique variation on the general evolutionary design for human nature, expressed as a developing pattern of dispositional traits, characteristic adaptations (notions from humanistic, psychodynamic, social-cognitive approaches), and integrative life stories complexly and differentially situated in culture. The principles articulated in this essay mark a newfound effort to assume a central and integrative position within the discipline of personality psychology.

President Trumans decision about dropping the bombs on Japan Essay Example

President Trumans decision about dropping the bombs on Japan Essay Example President Trumans decision about dropping the bombs on Japan Paper President Trumans decision about dropping the bombs on Japan Paper President Trumans decision to drop the bombs on Japan was justified As the twentieth century slowly dawned upon the world, there were many predicaments that lay ahead of the people of the United States; one of which was the Second World War. With the rise of communism and fascism, dictators like Adolf Hitler, Benito Mussolini, and Joseph Stalin gained power and threatened the well being of the people by ruling with an iron fist. Although not considered a dictator, Hideki Tojo of Japan also participated in such cruelties by attacking nations without properly declaring war. These leaders and autocratic rules killed thousands and millions of innocent people and embarked on a campaign to rule the entire world. Luckily for the Americans, these totalitarian leaders ruled in the nations of Europe and Asia, not directly affecting the United States. However, on December 7, 1941, as President Roosevelt put it, a date which will live in infamy, Japan’s greed in conquering the world got out of control and affected America. Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, killing thousands of people and injuring many more. Although President Roosevelt had knowledge of what will happen if America were to enter the war, he had no choice but to enter the war on behalf of the Allies to avenge the deaths of thousands of Americans. The European campaign for the allies were very largely successful and the only thing left for the Allies to deal with was the Pacific Campaign into Japan. Unfortunately, in the midst of this chaos, President Roosevelt passed away and President Harry Truman was inaugurated into office. During this time, the American government researched and quickly harnessed the world’s most powerful weapon, the Atomic Bomb. Truman knew the consequences of dropping the bombs on Japan and thoroughly examined the positives and negatives of the bomb. In consideration of all this, the positives outweighed the negatives and the bombs were finally dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, two cities in Japan. President Truman had every right to drop the bombs on Japan in order to save lives and better America’s future as a world power. The bombs were dropped with a desire to save lives, nothing more and nothing less. The costs would have been innumerable and would have been crippling to the Americans if President Truman didn’t make the decision in dropping the bombs. One of the many costs that the Americans would have to pay would be the significant number of casualties that would have occurred if Americans were to have entered Japan and fight a war face to face. Some may consider the United States to be nothing more than coward for doing this, but it is far better than losing thousands of lives in war. The Japanese began to draft its entire population, including children and women. If the Americans were to have come face to face in combat with these soldiers, America would have suffered great losses; losses that would be impossible to fully recover from. Furthermore, sending troops into Japan and dropping a bomb on Japan is essentially almost the same concept; both are to decimate Japan into rubbles in order for the nation to surrender. So, why not choose the option of dropping bombs in Japan when it is much safer and more efficient than sending troops into Japan? With the attack of Pearl Harbor, Japan and the United States were officially in a state of war between each other. In a state of war, the main focus is to decimate the enemy by any means possible. This meaning, deploying troops into enemy territories creating blockades, and even dropping bombs on the enemy is perfectly legal. President Truman was entirely justified in deciding to drop the Atomic Bombs on Japan. In any war, opposing nations killed enemy troops, decimated enemy cities into rubbles, and dropped bombs. Droppings bombs and deploying troops to kill enemy troops are one and the same; both result in the death of many. In any war, the point of war is to win. When it comes to war, the moral thoughts that govern society are not the same morals that govern the military. When in a state of war, the goal is to defeat your enemy, and keep your own men alive, so during the war, the lives of American soldiers were far more important to America than the lives of the Japanese; that was America’s goal- to take Japanese lives. Considering all this, why is it in then in this case that it is so controversial to take the lives of the Japanese population? Japan violated American territories, killed Americans, and caused a number of other problems for the United States; America suffered losses and to prevent further loss, President Truman had every right to make a decision in dropping the bombs over Japan. Considering the consequences of American entry in to the war, the United States closely scrutinized the results of war. President Roosevelt and Truman carefully examined the positives and negatives. In the case of Japan, President Truman believed dropping the bombs on Japan was a definite positive for America. Dropping the bombs on Japan helped better the future of America by preventing a large number of casualties in battles. The only initiative in dropping the bomb is to help quicken the ending of the war and save lives, not to cause pain and agony; thus, making Truman’s decision in dropping the bomb justified. Truman was also justified according to legal international laws. America and Japan were in a state of war and in a state of war, there is only one victor. The point of war is to win and the only way to do so is to decimate the opposing side by any means possible. Deploying troops, creating blockades, and dropping bombs are all one and the same; they all result in death. The reason in deploying troops is to kill enemy troops. The reason in creating a blockade is to block shipment into enemy nations; thus, causing a dearth in goods and food, causing starvation and eventual death. The reason in dropping bombs is to decimate cities into rubbles and demonstrate power. Thus, if all these result in death, why is it so controversial for President Truman to make a decision in bombing Japan? A bomb is a bomb; whether it is an A, B, or C bomb, they are all one and the same. Bombs were made to decimate cities and kill people. In war, saving lives and winning are the top priorities in war. President Truman decided to bomb Japan in order to save lives and to win the war; thus, President Truman was totally justified in making the decision in dropping the bombs.

Example of a Permutation Test

Example of a Permutation Test One question that it is always important to ask in statistics is, â€Å"Is the observed result due to chance alone, or is it statistically significant?† One class of hypothesis tests, called permutation tests, allow us to test this question. The overview and steps of such a test are: We split our subjects into a control and an experimental group.  The null hypothesis is that there is no difference between these two groups.Apply a treatment to the experimental group.Measure the response to the treatmentConsider every possible configuration of the experimental group and the observed response.Calculate a p-value based upon our observed response relative to all of the potential experimental groups. This is an outline of a permutation.  To flesh of this outline, we will spend time looking at a worked out example of such a permutation test in great detail. Example Suppose we are studying mice.  In particular, we are interested in how quickly the mice finish a maze that they have never encountered before.  We wish to provide evidence in favor of an experimental treatment.  The goal is to demonstrate that mice in the treatment group will solve the maze more quickly than untreated mice.   We begin with our subjects: six mice.  For convenience, the mice will be referred to by the letters A, B, C, D, E, F. Three of these mice are to be randomly selected for the experimental treatment, and the other three are put into a control group in which the subjects receive a placebo. We will next randomly choose the order in which the mice are selected to run the maze. The time spent finishing the maze for all of the mice will be noted, and a mean of each group will be computed. Suppose that our random selection has mice A, C, and E in the experimental group, with the other mice in the placebo control group. After the treatment has been implemented, we randomly choose the order for the mice to run through the maze.   The run times for each of the mice are: Mouse A runs the race in 10 secondsMouse B runs the race in 12 secondsMouse C runs the race in 9 secondsMouse D runs the race in 11 secondsMouse E runs the race in 11 secondsMouse F runs the race in 13 seconds. The average time to complete the maze for the mice in the experimental group is 10 seconds. The average time to complete the maze for those in the control group is 12 seconds. We could ask a couple of questions. Is the treatment really the reason for the faster average time? Or were we just lucky in our selection of control and experimental group?  The treatment may have had no effect and we randomly chose the slower mice to receive the placebo and faster mice to receive the treatment.  A permutation test will help to answer these questions. Hypotheses The hypotheses for our permutation test are: The null hypothesis is the statement of no effect.  For this specific test, we have H0: There is no difference between treatment groups.  The mean time to run the maze for all mice with no treatment is the same as the mean time for all mice with the treatment.The alternative hypothesis is what we are trying to establish evidence in favor of. In this case, we would have Ha: The mean time for all mice with the treatment will be faster than the mean time for all mice without the treatment. Permutations There are six mice, and there are three places in the experimental group. This means that the number of possible experimental groups are given by the number of combinations C(6,3) 6!/(3!3!) 20. The remaining individuals would be part of the control group. So there are 20 different ways to randomly choose individuals into our two groups. The assignment of A, C, and E to the experimental group was done randomly.  Since there are 20 such configurations, the specific one with A, C, and E in the experimental group has a probability of 1/20 5% of occurring. We need to determine all 20 configurations of the experimental group of the individuals in our study. Experimental group: A B C and Control group: D E FExperimental group: A B D and Control group: C E FExperimental group: A B E and Control group: C D FExperimental group: A B F and Control group: C D EExperimental group: A C D and Control group: B E FExperimental group: A C E and Control group: B D FExperimental group: A C F and Control group: B D EExperimental group: A D E and Control group: B C FExperimental group: A D F and Control group: B C EExperimental group: A E F and Control group: B C DExperimental group: B C D and Control group: A E FExperimental group: B C E and Control group: A D FExperimental group: B C F and Control group: A D EExperimental group: B D E and Control group: A C FExperimental group: B D F and Control group: A C EExperimental group: B E F and Control group: A C DExperimental group: C D E and Control group: A B FExperimental group: C D F and Control group: A B EExperimental group: C E F and Control group: A B DExperimental group: D E F and Control group: A B C We then look at each configuration of experimental and control groups. We calculate the mean for each of the 20 permutations in the listing above.  For example, for the first, A, B and C have times of 10, 12 and 9, respectively.  The mean of these three numbers is 10.3333.  Also in this first permutation, D, E and F have times of 11, 11 and 13, respectively.  This has an average of 11.6666. After calculating the mean of each group, we calculate the difference between these means. Each of the following corresponds to the difference between the experimental and control groups that were listed above. Placebo - Treatment   1.333333333 secondsPlacebo - Treatment   0 secondsPlacebo - Treatment   0 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -1.333333333 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 2 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 2 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment   0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -0.666666667 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -2 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -2 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 1.333333333 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 0 secondsPlacebo - Treatment 0 secondsPlacebo - Treatment -1.333333333 seconds P-Value Now we rank the differences between the means from each group that we noted above. We also tabulate the percentage of our 20 different configurations that are represented by each difference in means. For example, four of the 20 had no difference between the means of the control and treatment groups. This accounts for 20% of the 20 configurations noted above. -2 for 10%-1.33 for 10 %-0.667 for 20%0 for 20 %0.667 for 20%1.33 for 10%2 for 10%. Here we compare this listing to our observed result. Our random selection of mice for the treatment and control groups resulted in an average difference of 2 seconds. We also see that this difference corresponds to 10% of all possible samples.  The result is that for this study we have a p-value of 10%.

Creating Anglo-America 1660-1750 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 194

Creating Anglo-America 1660-1750 - Essay Example His strong belief in one God that is universal drove him to argue that God dwelled in all people and, therefore, no people (including those with authority/government) had the right whatsoever to force people into a particular form of worship. Penn was also a strong believer in the equality of all people regardless of their race, gender, sex, color or sex. This in turn made him advocate for equality by arguing that â€Å"liberty is a universal entitlement† that was conflicting the pre-existing belief that liberty was a right to be entitled only to certain individuals. To put this in a practical manner, Penn found it necessary to buy Indian land and offered it to the Indian refugees who had been driven out of the other colonies. In his attempt to come up with a government that put into consideration the rights of all, Penn came up with a frame of government in 1982. In his charter Penn aimed at offering â€Å"Christian liberty† to all who affirmed a strong belief in God and expected them not to promote the liberty in promoting sexually immoral things. In this period, the government was responsible for regulating the people`s moral public behavior and some particular people such as the Jews were not allowed to be holding an office of any religious institution. The Quakers strict code of personal morality drove Penn into believing that by giving people religious freedom immorality would reduce as people would lead a life that corresponded to God`s expectations. This charter, however, didn`t prove sufficient to guide the growing population of Pennsylvania and was therefore replaced with a charter of liberties whose political system lasted up to the period of American Revolution.