Not everyone needs a College Education to be Financially Successful in Essay

Not everyone needs a College Education to be Financially Successful in Life - Essay Example Through an analysis of people who have attained success without a degree, careers where a college education is not necessary, and alternative methods of achieving financial success, this essay demonstrates that it a college education is not necessary for financial success. Although there are many people that have found success through their college education, there are also a number of individuals that have found success without a college degree. One of the most prominent examples is that of Bill Gates. Throughout his childhood Gates had cultivated an interest in computer technology. While he attended Harvard for a semester he quickly recognized that he would find more success if he concentrated on his personal business. Gates would become to richest man in the world. While Gates’ example is extreme, such instances readily occur in smaller situations on a frequent basis. While a college education is necessary for success in careers such as medicine, there are a number of careers where a college education is not necessary. In large part college contains courses within specific academic disciplines, such as science, sociology, or mathematics. Although a number of career implement this higher-level thinking, for other careers such knowledge is extraneous. For example, the career of a construction worker, a plumber, or many times grocery and restaurant managers are learned not through formal education, but real world experience. With dedication and hard work it is possible for an individual without a college degree to gradually gain promotions or increased clients and in time find more financial success than individuals with a college education. Although a high paying job is very helpful for achieving financial success, there are many things that contribute to financial success that don’t involve a college education. Benjamin Franklin famously noted that a penny saved is penny earned. Indeed, one of the primary things that contribute to financial success

Caring for Cooper City Essay Example for Free

Caring for Cooper City Essay There are many factors affecting the health of this community. I believe lack of health education and access to health care are the primary problems. The problems of pinworms and anemia are most preventable with hygiene education and nutritional education. The high premature births and neonatal death rate can be addressed with pre-natal education and care. The ability for the mothers and care givers to access these services may be impaired because of lack of access to health care related to transportation and economics. A cultural norm in many of Hispanic families is both parents work at minimum pay jobs with no benefits, while a family member takes care of several children. This care giver is often an older person (grand parent or aunt) and often does not understand or speak English or is an adolescent that is not able to drive. Because of the noted issues accessing health care during â€Å"business† hours are impaired. It is difficult for the person that may have access to transportation and one that speaks English to arrange a day off to take the child and/or pregnant woman to their doctor appointments Because a large population of the Hispanics go to the Catholic Church getting the local priest or a trusted community involved may help with accessing the population. Information about the clinic, health education classes, and setting up a clinic in the Catholic Church on the weekend may all be options to improving health care. Health education in the schools is another way to get the message to the public. A school health fair or school projects focused on prevention may be ways to help educate the parents. Education of adolescent about birth control, pre-natal care and support are other methods to improve the health of the community. . The planning group will need to have many members of the community. Having someone from the city council, the local priest and pastor, a representative from the high school, a medical representative such as the local md, or nurse practitioner a cultural community representative and representatives of the local business would be the best task force mix. Having the community leader’s access funds to provide free transportation to the health clinics or having a mobile health clinic to access the outlying population. Another option is to have a clinic at the major employer’s place of business. All of the suggested health options will need the support and commitment of the community. As a community health nurse you can support and encourage that commitment.

Silicon Solar Cell Grid And Bus Bar Design Engineering Essay

Silicon Solar Cell Grid And Bus Bar Design Engineering Essay In this paper, we shall be designing and explaining the process for fabricating the top grid and busbar electrodes for a crystalline silicon solar cell using commercial processing techniques, such as screen-printing. The solar cell must be kept at a minimum of 20.8% conversion efficiency and we must keep our power losses under 8% using commercially available technology and inks. INTRODUCTION Solar cell technology is a rapidly growing form of power generation. There are new and improved processes being developed and understood all the time. In this paper, we will introduce, design, and calculate the properties and a process of fabricating a crystalline silicon solar cell. A solar cell is an electronic device that converts sunlight into electricity, using what is known as the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic effect is the basic physical process in which a PV cell converts sunlight into energy. The sunlight, containing photons, strikes the PV cell and are either reflected or absorbed. When the PV cell absorbs a photon with an adequate energy level, an electron is excited to the conduction band, which produces a hole in the valence band. Once the electron-hole pair is formed, the built-in electric field separates the electron from the hole and then the two charges can contribute to current flow in the PV cell. Once this hole is formed a built-in electric field is needed to drive the current to an external load, assuming one is connected. The built in electric field is a property of the PV cell consisting of an n-type (negative) and a p-type (positive) semiconductor formed together. When these two materials, normally positively or negatively doped silicon, are together, they create a pathway for excess electrons in the n-type material to flow to the p-type material. This causes the holes to flow into the n-type material from the p-type material. Through this process of electron and hole flow, the electric field is created and needed to force the electrons to jump to the surface in order to become available for use in the electrical circuit as shown below in figure 1. [1] With light, charge imbalance, generates voltage across terminals No voltage across diode, No Current Load connected, Current flows Figure 1: Different stages of PV cell [2]. Problem: Our job was to design grids and busbars, outline a fabrication process for putting down the grids and busbars on top of the crystalline silicon solar cell using commercial printing inks for making ohmic contacts, and describe the commercial processing techniques we are using, such as screen-printing. Our initial constraints are that the silicon solar cell is a square such that its dimensions are 10cm by 10cm. Also, the cell is such that, when there are no resistive or grid-shadowing losses, it produces a current density of 40 mA/cm2. The cell also produces a voltage of 0.65 V, a fill factor of 80% and an energy conversion efficiency of 20.8%. We are assuming that the sheet resistance of the p layer is 100 ohms/square. We also must calculate the shadowing loss due to the blocked sunlight from the grids and the busbar on the solar cell. In addition to those losses, we must take into account the resistive losses in the top junction layer with the cells sheet resistance, grids and busbar s. While fabricating this solar cell, the losses are to be minimized such that the sum is to be less than 8%. MATHEMATICAL DERIVATIONS In this section the mathematical equations for calculating various losses in the solar cell will be derived. Below in table 1 is the design parameters and constraints given for this solar cell. Parameters given in the design project specifications Parameter Value Description Light-generated current density Open-circuit voltage Fill factor Energy conversion efficiency Sheet resistance of the p-layer Area of the solar cell Table 1: Design parameters for solar cell Using the parameters given above, the optical power incident on the solar cell is given by manipulating the equation into the form which gives . The power generated by the cell is given by . The voltage at the maximum power point Vm is determined by using the following equation: [2]. Using this value of Vm, the current at the maximum power point Im was then determined with the following equation: The losses in the solar cell are caused by resistance in the bus bar, resistance in the fingers, resistance in the base and emitter layers, and shadowing by the bus bar and fingers. The resistivity per square of the ink used in this cell is measured at 25 µm thick [5]. The resistivity of the ink is then calculated by . A MATLAB program was written to help determine the optimum spacing between the fingers of the solar cell. The code that was written can be seen in the back of this paper located in the appendix. The graph generated by the program is in figure 2. C:UsersGenDocumentsEE 332Final ProjectFinger Spacing Chart.png Figure 2: Total Power Loss versus Finger Spacing. From the graph we determined the optimal spacing between fingers to be 2.5mm. The power lost in each finger is given by where Lf is the length of the finger, Sf is the spacing between fingers, à Ã‚ f is the resistivity of the finger, wf is the width of the finger, and df is the height of the finger. A summary of the design parameters used here are shown in Table 2. Once the power lost in each finger is known, the total resistive losses in the fingers can be calculated by multiplying by the number of fingers . The power loss in the bus bar is calculated by where Lb is the length of the bus bar, à Ã‚ b is the resistivity of the bus bar, wb is the width of the bus bar, and db is the height of the bus bar. The power loss in the emitter of the solar cell is calculated by where à Ã‚ em is the resistance per square of the emitter. There are losses due to shadowing of the solar cell caused by the fingers and bus bar blocking light. The shadowing losses is calculated by where Nb is the number of bus bars. The total power losses in the solar cell is then calculated by . We can then determine the percentage of power losses to be which is below the 8% loss specified for this design project. CELL FABRICATION TECHNOLOGIES Cell Fabrication: When it comes to fabrication techniques of solar cells there are a few techniques to pick from. These choices mainly consist of screen printed solar cells, buried contact solar cells, high efficiency solar cells, and rear contact solar cells. For the purpose of this paper the method of choice that will be used is screen printing. The screen printing process can be a cheaper process and is often comprised of fewer steps than other methods. Screen printing has been around for quite some time, though originally designed for printing graphics, advertisements, flyers, etc.; one of these screen printing machines can be seen in figure 2. http://www.phoseon.com/img/Screen_Print_iStock_000008690558XSmall.jpg Figure 2: One of the arms of a machine that holds a screen, squeegee, and ink. [3] As far as the physical screen printing portion of semiconducting devices or in our case a solar cell it is a pretty simple idea. A screen is created in the form of a negative just as film in a camera. Certain areas of the screen allow ink to pass through and others do not. This screen can be made of different materials such as silk, metal, plastics. The screen is used to hold the ink that will be transferred to the target object, in this particular scenario a wafer of crystalline silicon or c-Si. Saw damage etch: After the blocks of silicon are cut into wafers, roughly .5mm thick, the saw leaves behind a residue that was used as a coolant during the cutting process. [2] The wafers get loaded into cassettes so that they can be cleaned as show in figure 3. The wafers are then cleaned in a hot sodium hydroxide bath to remove the contamination left behind. This process removes the first 10 micrometers of silicon which was damaged during the cutting process. Once this has taken place the silicon is then placed into another, more diluted, sodium hydroxide bath which has been mixed with isopropanol as a wetting agent to etch the surface of the silicon wafers. This process gives a very uniform etch rate when c-Si wafers are used as the primary substrate. http://www.pveducation.org/sites/default/files/PVCDROM/Manufacturing/Images/MVC-420F.JPG Figure 3: Multicrystalline silicon wafers in cassettes are ready to be cleaned [2]. Junction formation by doping: The wafers have now been cleaned and are ready to be doped. This process will create an n-type layer on the c-Si. This n-type layer is created by applying a phosphorus coating to the silicon and then firing the wafers. The wafers are in what is called a diffusion coating furnace where the layer of phosphorus is deposited on to the wafers. The wafers are then moved to a different furnace where they are fired at a temperature roughly 800-1000 degrees Celsius. The firing process incorporates the phosphorus layer into the outer surface of the silicon wafer. Edge isolation: Edge isolation is a process in which the newly doped silicon wafers have the front and back sides isolated from each other. This is done by first stacking the wafers together and then loading them in to a plasma etching system. In this system the sides of the wafers will be plasma etched by using CF4 and O2. This process will remove the phosphorus dopant from the sides of the wafers thus separating the two n-type surfaces encompassing the silicon. Anti-reflection coating: One more step is needed before the wafers can begin the screen printing process and this is the application of an anti-reflection coating. This is a very important step because it is this coating that helps to reduce the amount of reflected photons, which in turn helps increase the efficiency of the solar cell.[4] For this step silicon nitride is used via a process called chemical vapor deposition process or CVD. During this process the chemicals are fed into the deposition chamber and they break down and adhere to the wafer. The actual chemical process for this is 3SiH4 + 4NH3 -> Si3N4 + 12H2. [2] Screen printing the rear contact: Now that the wafers have been doped, the front and back have been isolated from each other, and they have been coated with an anti-reflection coating they are now ready to receive the rear contacts. This is done through the screen printing process discussed earlier on in this paper. A screen carrying a metal paste is lowered over the top of the solar cell and then a squeegee pushes the paste through holes, transferring it to the cell in the desired pattern, this can be seen below in figure 4. This process is usually repeated twice for both the front and back sides of the solar cell, each of which both distributing different patterns to the solar cell. The first usually deposits an aluminum mask across the back of the cell to create the back surface field. [2] Figure 4: Squeegee pushing metallic ink across a screen. [2] The cell is then dried in an oven to remove all of the organic solvents and binders before the next screen takes place. The second screen on the back of the solar cell deposits a silver paste which is used for the contacts on the solar cell. After performing the second screen print on the back of the solar cell it is then placed in to an oven and fired at a higher temperature. During this process the metal and wafer are heated to a high enough temperature to destroy the n-layer allowing the metals printed on the cell to become in contact with the p-type silicon itself. Screen printing the front contact: Now that we have printed the back side of the solar cell it gets flipped over for the printing of the conductive fingers and the main busbars. This is the exact same process as explained earlier when printing the rear side of the solar cell except for the fact that the screens will have different designs to create the buss bar and finger system as mentioned. For the purpose of this paper we will be using a DuPont Solamet PV412 ink. The properties of this ink can be seen below in figure 5. Figure 5: Specification sheet for DuPont Solamet PV412 ink. [5] In between these two steps the wafers will be put into a drier around 200 degrees Celsius to dry the ink as said before on the back side. Once the second screen is transferred the wafer will again go back into an oven to fire the chosen metal paste into the silicon. A finished image of the front of a solar cell is shown in figure 6. http://www.ecn.nl/typo3temp/pics/db94f2dc2b.png Figure 6: Front of a finished solar cell [6] TECHNOLOGIES CHOSEN FOR THIS APPLICATION Why screen printing is used: Screen printing technology, where a metal-containing conductive paste is forced through the openings of a screen onto a wafer to form the circuits or contacts, is one of the best established and one of the most mature forms of solar cell fabrication technology. [7] First developed in the 1970s, screen-printing is currently the dominant form of fabrication of photovoltaic modules. [2] While screen printing does reduce the efficiency of a solar cell by 3.5-4% when comparing it to the best and more expensive methods, however, there are advantages to this fabrication method. [6] Some of the key advantages are the technologys simplicity in fabricating the solar cell, its cost-effectiveness and its ease of control. Why silicon is used: Currently, crystalline silicon is the dominant material used in the photovoltaic market, even though silicon does not have optimum material parameters. Specifically, its band gap is a little too low for an optimum solar cell and it has a low absorption coefficient. Due to silicons abundance and its prominence in the manufacturing industry, silicon still makes it difficult for other materials to compete in this market. [8] Why silver is used: Many factors come into play when deciding the material to be used in the solar cell. Some factors include the materials efficiency, its conductivity, its adhesion strength, as well as its cost effectiveness. Silver, being a great conductor of electricity, is used in the contact points. A well-formulated silver paste could have almost 50% higher conductivity compared to other pastes. [9] Silver also has great adhesion strength that meets the general costumer requirements. FINAL FABRICATION PROCESS DESCRIPTION Table 2 is a summary of the final design parameters for this solar cell. Table 2: Final Design Parameters Parameter Value Description Voltage at maximum power output Current density at max power output Maximum power output without losses Resistance per square of the emitter [10] Resistance per square of the ink [5] Resistivity of the ink Spacing between fingers Width of the fingers Height of the fingers Length of the fingers 80 Number of fingers Length of the bus bar Width of the bus bar Table 3 is a summary of the calculated losses of the solar cell associated with the grid and bus bars. Table 3: Calculated Power Losses Power losses due to shadowing Power losses in the emitter Power losses in the fingers Power losses in the bus bar Total power losses Percentage power losses The Final Fabrication After all of the multiple steps of screen printing are completed and the wafers have been fired at the appropriate temperatures for the correct amount of time, the solar cells are complete. Keep in mind that the stages of manufacturing where the wafers are fired must be done correctly to get the desired solar cell. If the temperature is to high this will cause the metals to melt together and make contact with others causing possible short circuit or giving the wafer improper properties. After this process is successfully completed, the cells can then have leads soldered to the back sides of them. This completes production of the physical solar cell and just leaves the process of soldering leads to the back side of the wafers which will allow the cells to be wired in series to achieve the desired output voltage. In conclusion the initial parameters included a minimum of 20.8% conversion efficiency and the power loss was to be kept under 8% by using commercially available inks and technology. We were able to achieve a conversion efficiency of 20.8% and we were able to reduce our power lost to 4.64% by screen printing our c-Si solar cells and also reducing the width while increasing the height of the fingers and busbars. REFERENCES [1] Reprinted from U.S. Department of Energy Photovoltaics Program. [Online]. Available: http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsolar3.htm [Nov. 15, 2012] [2] Christiana Honsberg, Stuart Bowden. Photovoltaic Education Network [Online]. Available: http://www.pveducation.org/ [Nov. 1, 2012] . [3] Phoseon Technology Screen Printing. [Online]. Available: http://www.phoseon.com/applications/screen-printing.htm [Nov. 4, 2012] [4] Daniel Nilsen Wright. (2008, Jan, 16) Anti-reflection coatings for silicon solar cells [Online]. Available: http://www.sintef.no/uploadpages/24509/Daniel%20N%20Wright.pdf [Nov 3, 2012] [5] DuPont Solamet PV412 photovoltaic metallization [Online]. Available: http://www2.dupont.com/MCM/en_US/assets/downloads/prodinfo/Solamet_PV412.pdf [6] Jaap Hoornstra. Better printing delivers more solar power. ECN (Sep. 2010). [Online]. Available: http://www.ecn.nl/nl/nieuws/newsletter-en/2010/september-2010/two-stage- screen-printing-improves-solar-cell/ [Nov. 6, 2012] [7] Applied Materials. (April 2011). Screen Printing For Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells. [Online]. Available: http://www.appliedmaterials.com/sites/default/files/ [Nov. 15, 2012] [8] Jessika Toothman and Scott Aldous. How Solar Cells Work. [Online]. Availabe: http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/solar-cell2.htm [Nov. 15, 2012] [9] Dr. Weiming Zhang. How Silver Paste Can Improve Silicon Solar Cell Performance/Cost Ratio. [Online]. Available: http://pvsilverpaste.com/media/webmedia_local/media/whitepapers/HowSilverPasteCanI mproveYourPerformance.pdf [Nov. 15, 2012] [10] Yelundur, V.; Nakayashiki, K.; Hilali, M.; Rohatgi, A.; , Implentation of a homogeneous high-sheet-resistance emitter in multicrystalline silicon solar cells, Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 2005. Conference Record of the Thirty-first IEEE , vol., no., pp. 959- 962, 3-7 Jan. 2005 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=arnumber=1488291 isnumber=31426

dying in the eyes of shakespeare :: essays research papers

Dieing in the eyes of Shakespeare In this sonnet â€Å"That time of year thou may’st in me behold† Shakespear uses nature to describe life’s stages, while painting a vivid picture of nature in autumn, we can see his state of mind when using metaphors. The author intertwines nature, time, life, aging, and death in such broadness that the personal reactions and perceptions of the poem are broad as well, as a good metaphor does. When speaking of autumn the author fist refers to it as â€Å"That time of year†. Furthermore, he describes the season as â€Å"When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang† the brightness of the yellow leaves suggest light which equals life. As the speaker goes on, â€Å"In me thou see’st the twilight of such day. As after sunset fadeth in the west†, one can see that â€Å"twilight† and â€Å"fadeth† suggest he is dieing. Moreover, this has a direct reference on the author’s golden years. Shakespeare uses the most decaying weather season of a year and the fading of the day’s sun light to replicate his feeling of aging and getting closer to death. He then refers to night as death by saying; â€Å"Death’s second self that seals up all in rest† rest represents a deep peaceful sleep that he may never awaken from. Furthermore, he proceeds into the conclusion of his theme with the permanent ending of death. â€Å"That on the ashes of his youth doth lie, As the deathbed whereon it must expire.† He compares life to a glowing fire, another one of nature’s elements and once again using the luminosity component of it. Which he believes is the brightest in his youth and now he lies in the ashes of his life, yet still burning. The author mentions how life has consumed all the fire that he has left in him, leading one to believe that he does not have much more to give, therefore, dying. Nature has the stages of the season and also of the day; our daily cycles are much more like our life stages than seasons.

Career Ambition

This misconception ambition is the first thing you may crashing in front of the eyes of many of us when he finds himself after graduation without a job or is suffering even find any work by plugging breath livelihood and then thought one of us that has stabilized and is believed to function is always from eight o'clock to the second half in the public sector and others in the private sector and then interrupted it relates to his work every day so even comes last month arrested for his salary and so on , that goes to his age and referred to retirement.And sometimes some people feel that the job Kataiwq wraps around his neck and complain of work and felt that it weighs his shoulders are asked to retire early to rest and is still active and did not reach the age of sixty No need to stand one of us with himself and see with the passage of time and the years on his appointment to this post and look what happened? Skills and gain experiences and how his role Ajtazha to develop his skills a nd whether he developed himself and invented something useful for his work in order to be an element product? Or do you imitate any position sets it apart from others? Man thinks ambition is to develop and put himself in front of specific targets and think how to achieve these goals and uses several methods to strive and make solutions to achieve them.Unfortunately, many of us if he sat with himself and especially of their years in the career service will find himself after all these years has come forward and did not develop himself and got his service and the passage of the years, so you sometimes find director of his 15 years in the job and preside over many of the staff and reached the higher echelons it is not known to run a computer or speak a single word in English and a smaller staff understand these things from him.Perhaps some say do not awakened in the course to learn computer and other shovel this failure with his work, and tell him this is not a justification for it is possible for any one of us to develop himself outside of his term, even for an hour per day for a certain period, especially as the private institutes are available everywhere and at reasonable prices.Even if you lose a little money you earned to develop yourself and your interest in the latter so that you alone, and this is the skills and experience gained with yourself and you will feel that you have developed yourself and give you the incentive to develop your talents and increase your ambition career with this ambition  must be to you the principle of positive in your life , and you know what The principle is what you mean? The principle is the road or the approach taken in the circus and move between the different stations of your life and sometimes it's red such as lines that stopped at any concessions in the hope of achieving a certain goal.

Pricing Fall07 Stu Essay examples

Pricing Fall07 Stu Essay examples Pricing Fall07 Stu Essay examples Pricing Strategies Week 6 EWMBA 206 Ganesh Iyer 1 Analysis Framework Competitor Analysis Perceptual mapping Company Analysis Marketing Myopia First mover advantages Customer Analysis Positioning Segmentation Marketing Strategy Pricing process Pricing and innovation Product Marketing Orientation Branding Price Promotion Place Market Ganesh Iyer 2 Economics of Pricing Two Problems with Single Price Strategy ï  ± Leave money on the table ï  ± Some customers are willing to pay more ï  ± Pass-up Profit ï  ± Some potential customers were not served even though the firm could have served them at prices above the marginal cost Ganesh Iyer 3 Price Discrimination Customization by Observable Characteristics Based on observable characteristics that signal buyers’ price sensitivity ïÆ'Ëœchessclub.com/ : Students: $29.95/year; Adults: $59.95 ï  ¬ AMC theaters can observe the consumer-type using his student ID, seniors  » Customer 1 No student ID $6.75  » Customer 2 Haas student ID $4.75  » Customer 3 Haas student ID $4.75  » etc. Ganesh Iyer 4 Price Discrimination Purchase Location ï  ± Consumers at different purchase locations have different price sensitivity ï  ± Cure for anthrax: $450 in the U.S. $190 in Canada canadadrugs.com ï  ± Staples website asks for zip code staples.com/ ï  ± Select segmentation variables that ensure ï  ± different segments purchase at different locations ï  ± high enough shipping cost to prevent arbitrage Ganesh Iyer 5 Customize By Time of Purchase ï  ± Peak-load pricing: designed to re-distribute usage from peak time to off-peak time ï  ± Redeye flight. ï  ± Electronic road pricing. Ganesh Iyer 6 Electronic Road Pricing Ganesh Iyer 7 Price Discrimination Palm Pilot: Product-line in Action Palmm505 Palmm500 Palm VIIx $399 Color $399 $449 Palm Vx $299 Palm IIIxe $179 Palm m100 $129 Ganesh Iyer 8 Microsoft Office: Product Line (Versioning) in Action Office 2000 Developer Office 2000 Premium Office 2000 Small Business Ganesh Iyer Office 2000 Professional Office 2000 Standard 9 How to Price Discriminate Using through Product Line Design? ï  ¬ Key to Successful Versioning ï  ² Identify the best ways to distinguish the different versions of the product/service ïÆ'Ëœ Need to determine which features will be highly valuable to some customers but of little value to others. ïÆ'Ëœ Goal: Create the â€Å"right† # of versions targeted at the â€Å"right† customer segments by setting the â€Å"right† prices. ï  ² Strategic Issue Cannibalization: Will the high-end customers buy the higher priced version? How to dissuade them from buying the lower priced version? Ganesh Iyer 10 Product Line (Versioning) Segmentation, Targeting & Cannibalization ï€   Example 1: Pricing Dell Laptops ï€   Table: Perceived Economic Value Personal Users ï€   Business Users ï€   Segment Size 60 40 ï€   Dell 350 MHz $ 500 $ 750 ï€   Dell 550 MHz $ 750 $ 2500 Ganesh Iyer 11 Product Line (Versioning) Segmentation, Targeting & Cannibalization ï  ° Example 1: Pricing Dell Laptops ïÆ'Ëœ Option I: Dell 350 MHz only: ï  ² Targeting: Business Users – Price $ 750 – Total Revenue $ 30,000 ï  ² Targeting: Business Users & Personal Users – Price $ 500 – Total Revenue $ 50,000 ïÆ' ° Ganesh Iyer Optimal targeting if introducing 350 MHz: Business Users + Personal Users 12 Product Line (Versioning) Segmentation, Targeting & Cannibalization ï  ° Example 1: Pricing Dell Laptops ïÆ'Ëœ Option II: Dell 550 MHz only: ï  ² Targeting: Business Users – Price $ 2500 – Total Revenue $ 100,000 ï  ² Targeting: Business Users & Personal Users – Price $ 750 – Total Revenue $ 75,000 ïÆ' ° Ganesh Iyer Optimal targeting if targeting 550 MHz: Business Users 13 Product Line (Versioning) Segmentation, Targeting & Cannibalization ïÆ'Ëœ Option III: Both 350 MHz & 550 MHz : ï  ² What will be the price of 350 Mhz = 500 ï  ² What are the options available to Business Users? ï  ² Buy 350 MHz at $ 500 or 550 MHz at $ X? ï  ² Surplus from 350 MHz = $ 750 - $ 500 = $ 250 Thus, price of 550 MHz

Hedy Lamarr Essays

Hedy Lamarr Essays Hedy Lamarr Essay Hedy Lamarr Essay Now I wish to talk about barriers that women amateurs face in working in science and technology. Lamarr is a great example of how an amateur can both overcome and be stopped by barriers. Just a little background info, Hedy Lamarr was an Austrian –American actress who was also known to be the most beautiful woman in Hollywood in her time. You might think what does she have to do with what have been said before this. Well, she was the brains who basically started it all, the spread-spectrum technology which enabled Wi-Fi and cellular networks to be available to us today! Lamarr knew about a real problem. It was during World War 2 when she thought, how can one safely control a torpedo with a radio signal? This was important, since torpedoes were not very accurate and the ability to remotely control them could be immensely valuable. The difficulty in using a radio signal to control a torpedo is essentially the problem of jamming. If you tried to control your torpedo by a signal, eventually the enemy will find out the frequency you are using. Once this is known they could jam your control signal by putting out a strong noise signal on the given frequency. Lamarr had a solution. Her brilliant idea was to use frequency hopping- her invention. Lamarr also found a co-inventor, George Antheil, who was also an avant-garde composer, who laid out a system based on 88 frequencies, corresponding to the number of keys on a piano, using perforated paper rolls which would turn in sync with one another, transmitting and receiving ever-changing frequencies, preventing interception and jamming. They then submitted the frequency hopping device to the national inventors council where they went on to file a patent application. Unfortunately, she did not succeed to release this idea to help during the war. There were other priorities faced by the US military, along with the decreasing number of resources that were being used to make other equipments and atomic bombs. Also, she isnt your usual inventor. Who would believe a Hollywood actress could help invent something useful for the war? Furthermore, she was ahead of technology. Spread-spectrum requires a fairly powerful digital computational ability. The technology that was available in 1940? s was very crude, and it is likely that it was essentially impossible to make her ideas work. BUT twenty years after its conceptualization, during the Cuban missile crisis, the first instance of large-scale military deployment of Lamarr and Antheils frequency hopping technology was implemented not for the remote-controlled guidance of torpedoes, but to provide secure communications among the ships involved in the naval blockade. Lamarr’s brilliant idea is used today in wireless communication. Not exactly as she envisioned in her original patented work, but nevertheless in ways that are clearly traceable to her ideas. Lamarr eventually got the recognition she deserved but 3 years before her death. She and her co-inventor Antheil won the 1997 Electronic Frontier Foundation Pioneer Award. She also won the BULBIE that is called the â€Å"Oscar† of inventing. Hedy Lamarr had proved to being more than just a â€Å"pretty face†. My resources: http://rjlipton. wordpress. com/2010/07/25/hedy-lamarr-the-inventor/

Health is wealth Essays

Health is wealth Essays Health is wealth Paper Health is wealth Paper The strength of nation I determined by the health status of its citizens: a nation with predominantly unhealthy people is likely going to have reduced national output indexed by her Gross National Product and even the gross domestic product. The importance of health cannot be overemphasized at all levels of education and government. Besides, health is not just the absence of disease but a state of mental, physical and social wellbeing [WHO]. This implies that a healthy individual is one that is stable in his/her tripartite nature, maintaining homeostasis at these levels. In lieu of this, it is important to consider health and health related cultural practices that help to promote and sustain good health among the populace; these practices form the fulcrum of preventive care, and also constitute parts of palliative patient management. CULTURAL PRACTICES Culture is a way of life; it is the totality of a group of people. It involves their communication symbols, languages, education pattern, arts, methods of exchange and socialization, norms and beliefs, special events and the nature of their governance. It also includes the expectations of every member of the community. In this vein, health and health cultural practices refer to activities carried out regularly to maintain the sanity of the environment in which one resides, to maintain a good state of health and improved standard of living for local inhabitants; such are directed at preventing sources of ill-health such as infection, pollution in various forms, metabolic imbalance, accidents/trauma, immune suppression, neoplasia. It also includes measures taken to restore health in its absence such as care for the sick. PRODUCTIVE PRACTICES In essence, such health and health related cultural practices are broadly categorized into Preventive measures [targeted at preventing ill health by specific health measures], Restorative [Care in the presence of disease when there is hope of restoration to normal health; this is particularly seen in contemporary diseases like malaria, typhoid, influenza, measles, etc], and palliative [care in the presence of an incurable disease without hope to total or partial restoration to normal health] Preventive Measures that are employed as cultural practices: SANITARY MEASURES: this involvement regular clean up of the environment, rooms and work centers. Such help to maintain a clean environment that can support good living; this also inhibits the life cycle of infective agents and especially vectors such as insects [mosquitoes, tse-tesfly, arthropods, mammals]. This includes sweeping and mopping, grass and lawn mowing, washing dirty plates and hands after engaging in any acts that stain the hand and some others which are part of everyday house chores. Planting of trees and herbs: This helps to replenish the earth; it is also important in maintaining the stability of the ecosystem. It improves carbon and oxygen cycles that are inevitable for survival on the planet. DIET: this is a major way that health is maintained as typified by the signs and symptoms of a malnourished individual; such people suffer enormous discomfort and are prone to ill-health because of immune suppression. This underscores the fact that we are what we eat; our state of health is an indication of our diet status all things being equal. Cultural practices that encourage good and balanced diet are not common; many people are used to fast foods which are high-risk sources for contacting infections, and also for outbreaks from contamination. Besides, there are` reports that food obtained form these places contain trans-unsaturated fat that is not compatible with the health of the vascular system, as it predisposes to development of cardiovascular disorders and other co-morbidities. Some of the eating habit in this control also predispose to obesity and diabetes mellitus. Exercise: This is another health related cultural practice that is very important to maintain good and stable health. Only a few people all over the world engage in these productive acts. However, there are some cultures of the world that promote exercise as a normal way of life by virtue of the vigorous nature of activities and deliberate practices they are exposed to, on a daily basis. Other productive practices include massage and acupuncture to relieve stress and pain, respectively.

Implementation Case on Information Technology Coursework

Implementation Case on Information Technology - Coursework Example When it comes to managing change, the main problem that the management faces is employee resistance. This problem is addressed by involving all the employees in the process of managing change and by creating a communications structure which shows to the organization that the top management is committed to making a successful transition. These factors were not addressed in the case. And as a result, the project team members lost confidence in the project’s credibility. The critical success factor was to choose a project leader who had the right skills and experience. This did not appear to be the case as the chosen project leader was unable to resolve the conflicts between the different parties involved in the project. There was controversy as personnel from the department of accounting and finance felt excluded from project management (Bernier, Roy & Brunelle, 2006C). This indicates that there was lack of inter-departmental coordination. This led to difficulties in project man agement. It was the project manager’s responsibility to ensure that all the team members were equally represented. However he failed in this task. As a result the implementation process was held up. The project manager also did not have the right focus. He focused on project completion rather than on whether the implementation was being conducted in a manner which was strategically aligned to the business processes. As a result there were complaints from the team members. The implementation was focused too much on delivery times. In implementing ERP, the critical success factor is to ensure that the software functionalities are aligned to the business processes. It is more effective to change the software to suit the business processes than otherwise. However because the project leader’s only concern was to complete the implementation in time, the strategic alignment process was ignored. As a result the user groups began to question the credibility of the IT department . The user groups also complained that the project manager had become involved in political games which made him favor the IT department. Therefore the project manager had failed to involve all the departments in project management. The result was a confrontation between the IT department and the user groups and this led to difficulties in the implementation process. Although the user groups had been involved in the project management team, they did not know how their efforts were tied to the strategic focus of the company. One of the team members complained that he was constantly writing progress reports. Other team members felt that their time was not being used productively. Because the project manager was focusing too much on completion, the departmental requirements were not addressed. As a result the team members lost confidence in the implementation process and felt that the chosen software was not the right one for the organization. In these circumstances the project team me mbers did not feel motivated to invest their time and efforts in implementing the project. This situation was jeopardizing the future of the project. Because of the defective communications process, there were conflicts between the user groups and the software experts. The user groups felt that the software functionalities did not address the business processes effectively while the software experts were convinced they had the right configuration of options. In this situation there were problems in various dimensions of the project. The

HM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

HM - Essay Example Grant F. Smith further declares that the money is used to military operations and keeping the incumbent officials in their positions. Grant F. Smith explains that the Israel government has manipulated the civil society so as the country influences the decisions that America makes regarding the Middle East. In this case, he claims in his response that many lobby groups in Israel are established with similar mission, vision, goals and objects. In this case, he doubts their authenticity and division of tasks in the organizations. However, he states that not all lobby groups are government puppets. He applauds some lobby groups, such as religious organization, for doing a wonderful job of educating people about Jewish lifestyle, (Scott Horton Show 17-21min). John Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt agree with Grant F. Smith by defining the Israeli Lobby as an alliance of organizations and people working towards influencing the US foreign policies that favors the position of Israel in the Middle East. additionally, Glenn Frankel asserts that the this lobbying is just about campaigning to get funds to be channeled to other areas apart from the specific ones that donors intend to fund, (Dworkin, Ronald, 342) According to Glenn Frankel, defines the Israel Lobby as an organization of Jewish group and campaign contributors whose main goal is to take care of Israeli interests via the help of pro-Israeli supporters and which were formed in the second half of the 1900s (PP 211). He identifies the main groups behind the current state of affair. They include American Jewish Committee and the Anti-Defamation League among

Building a supportive program for new teachers in Italy Essay

Building a supportive program for new teachers in Italy - Essay Example First group contains novice teachers in order to gain their perspective about the program, their demands and concerns. The other group would consist of mentor teachers in order to gain their perspective, developing a strategy to provide help and the best way to support beginning teachers. Also, Questionnaires will be used besides observation and note taking. Using questioners might help to supporting the findings of the case study. In Italy large number of new teachers is hired each year. Each of these new teachers is expected to assume the same responsibilities as veteran teachers on the first day of employment. With limited experience and limited support, they are expected to provide a quality educational experience for the students in their classrooms. Most schools in Italy are traditional in structure, hence each of the new teachers taught in a self-contained classroom. Novice teacher, newly experiencing the problems of teaching, are alone with their students for the majority of the day, trying to identify and satisfy the needs of several students with unique needs. This isolation limited the support and assistance that novices could gain from their more experienced colleagues and could have added to feeling of stress and anxiety. The principal, the sole administrator of the institution, had not much time available to observe the development of their newly appointed staff. Also, some administrators feel that their presence is threatening and stress provoking so they opt to allow the novice to develop on his/her own.Nowadays people are concerned with the quality of education more than ever. Why then had the supportive program for novice teachers and their concerns not been addressed? ... Educational regulations in Italy required non-tenured teachers to be observed in certain time period. Unfortunately, few received any supportive instructions in the classrooms. The principal, the sole administrator of the institution, had not much time available to observe the development of their newly appointed staff. Also, some administrators feel that their presence is threatening and stress provoking so they opt to allow the novice to develop on his/her own. Nowadays people are concerned with the quality of education more than ever. Why then had the supportive program for novice teachers and their concerns not been addressed Kilgore and Kozisek (1998) and Huling-Austin (1998) felt that educators did not view teachers' supportive program as a pressing need and are not familiar with the body of knowledge related to this area. Limited support, isolation and anxiety are realities of induction year (Fuller, 1969, 207-226). As educators, we knew that the emotional well being of a child was an important factor in their ability to learn. Did it not seem reasonable to ensure that same senses of well being to our novice teachers so that they would learn and grow into responsive and effective teachers The aim of the current paper is to outline the study of building a supportive program for novice teachers in Italy, in order to solve the problems faced by novice teachers. Problems Encountered Novice teachers, being new to the problem of teaching become isolated from the institutional environment because of the system prevailed in Italian schools. This surely limits their ability to prosper from the experience of their veteran colleagues and thereby taking lot of stress. This and lack of any supportive program throughout their earlier

Reflect and evaluate Brand Starbucks marketing principles Essay

Reflect and evaluate Brand Starbucks marketing principles - Essay Example Brands absorb everything around them like Imelda Marcos in the shoe department at Nordstrom† (quoted in Kalin, 2001). By this definition, customer service and the quality of the products are actually considered part of the brand. Strong brands help companies establish a place within the international and local marketplace (Aaker, 1996). They also help the company develop a strong consumer base through brand recognition. However, brands don't become strong without offering quality products and excellent customer service. This is because brands only become strong when they have a high number of loyal consumers. Loyal consumers are made by giving them products that they enjoy and appreciate and taking care of customers when they have complaints or problems. According to Childers, satisfied customers exponentially increase in number, resulting in greater profitability for the company (2005). To see how this works, it's helpful to apply these ideas to a company like Starbucks. Starb ucks is a well-known coffee company that specializes in serving ready-to-drink single-serve coffee and other drinks to a mostly middle and upper class clientele. This company now has a very strong brand which it has gained by focusing on quality products and excellent customer service. ... Each customer was treated as a regular, whether they were or not, with their name written on their cup and plenty of customization of their order available. Now that the company has cultivated a very strong consumer base, it relies more and more on its strong brand to continue driving growth. As part of this brand, it offers customized menus for each region based upon local and national favorites. All of these different menus are brought together under the one brand identified by a simple and universal logo. Even if the menu isn't the same as the menu back home, travelers to new places can feel at home as soon as they walk into a Starbucks store because of that logo and a relatively similar approach to decor. Examining this company and assuming I have correctly identified the marketing principles it considers to be most important, I believe Starbucks is doing a good job of following these principles. Having a strong global brand is important to success in the commercial world today, but Starbucks has not forgotten that it developed that brand by offering quality products and excellent customer service. It proves this by maintaining a focus on what the local market enjoys and expects. â€Å"Experience has shown that companies need not always create one-size-fits-all global brands just because the world appears to be shrinking. Indeed, firms should recognize that adapting brands to local conditions will on many occasions be the best approach, and at times the only approach, because local conditions will leave them no other choice† (Managing Brands, 2005). By adapting their brand to local conditions but insisting that everything sold in the similarly decorated coffee houses carries the

International Development Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

International Development Organizations - Essay Example In 1970s, the organization was training families on how to indulge themselves in farming in order to get an extra income to sustain their basic needs. The organization started by installing water pumps in order to distribute clean water to communities which were highly affected by morality rates (Russell & Cohn, 2012). It then recruited volunteers who taught the community how to use the water to irrigate in order to become self-reliant. In 1990s, the organization shifted its attention towards the needs of children and other vulnerable groups in the society. This is after realizing that many governments were struggling with offering these groups[s with the necessary platforms in order to unleash their potential. By 2014, the organization was the 11th largest non-governmental organization in the United States (Russell & Cohn, 2012). World Vision International receives funding from corporations and private donors (Cagney & Ross, 2013). Approximately 19% of the organization’s budget is obtained from public grants. However, corruption is one of the major challenges that have been facing this organization. For instance, in 2007, World Vision International identified that a lot of funds that was to be directed towards education, health care, and economic development was being embezzled by various officials. In addition, the organization’s officials in various positions were diverting food deliveries and other important building materials for their own personal gains. Through its financial aid especially in developing countries, World Vision International has been able to improve the lives of the people. This is through initiating projects that are self sustainable (Kilby, 2006). Through the projects, the organization has been able to create employment, an aspect that has played a significant role in alleviating poverty in the society. World Vision International has been able to build a sustainable economy in different parts of the

Golden Ocean Group Limted Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Golden Ocean Group Limted - Essay Example Golden Ocean deals with shipping of dry bulk. Primarily, this was the reason that the company demerged from Frontline Limited with the company’s key area of specialization being a spin-off of the dry bulk operations of Frontline Limited, the original company. By dry bulk, the company is in the business of shipping coal, iron ore, ingredients of steel or finished steel, gravel, sand, grain, or any other similar material. Using its own or chartered ships, Golden Ocean Limited delivers the dry bulk based upon the needs of its customers (Golden Ocean, 2010). Each year, the quantity of dry-bulk and customers increases in the shipping industry. Case in point, shipping companies registered a combined increment in shipment of iron ore imports, coal imports, grains, and steel products by more than 250million tons signifying growth (Golden Ocean, 2010). Indeed, these four examples of dry bulk products denote the operations of the company in the dry-bulk shipping industry.Golden Ocean st arted its operations with three vessels. However, the company’s operations have astronomically grown for the period it has been in operation and more so along the lines of its Capesize and Panamax vessels. On one hand, Capesize vessels are the largest vessels-in terms of capacity-operated by the company with the capacity to carry 110,000-190,000 tons of dead weight. In effect, there are a few seaports, in the world, that can accommodate these vessels due to the infrastructure required to accommodate vessels of this size.

Reflect and evaluate Brand Starbucks marketing principles Essay

Reflect and evaluate Brand Starbucks marketing principles - Essay Example Brands absorb everything around them like Imelda Marcos in the shoe department at Nordstrom† (quoted in Kalin, 2001). By this definition, customer service and the quality of the products are actually considered part of the brand. Strong brands help companies establish a place within the international and local marketplace (Aaker, 1996). They also help the company develop a strong consumer base through brand recognition. However, brands don't become strong without offering quality products and excellent customer service. This is because brands only become strong when they have a high number of loyal consumers. Loyal consumers are made by giving them products that they enjoy and appreciate and taking care of customers when they have complaints or problems. According to Childers, satisfied customers exponentially increase in number, resulting in greater profitability for the company (2005). To see how this works, it's helpful to apply these ideas to a company like Starbucks. Starb ucks is a well-known coffee company that specializes in serving ready-to-drink single-serve coffee and other drinks to a mostly middle and upper class clientele. This company now has a very strong brand which it has gained by focusing on quality products and excellent customer service. ... Each customer was treated as a regular, whether they were or not, with their name written on their cup and plenty of customization of their order available. Now that the company has cultivated a very strong consumer base, it relies more and more on its strong brand to continue driving growth. As part of this brand, it offers customized menus for each region based upon local and national favorites. All of these different menus are brought together under the one brand identified by a simple and universal logo. Even if the menu isn't the same as the menu back home, travelers to new places can feel at home as soon as they walk into a Starbucks store because of that logo and a relatively similar approach to decor. Examining this company and assuming I have correctly identified the marketing principles it considers to be most important, I believe Starbucks is doing a good job of following these principles. Having a strong global brand is important to success in the commercial world today, but Starbucks has not forgotten that it developed that brand by offering quality products and excellent customer service. It proves this by maintaining a focus on what the local market enjoys and expects. â€Å"Experience has shown that companies need not always create one-size-fits-all global brands just because the world appears to be shrinking. Indeed, firms should recognize that adapting brands to local conditions will on many occasions be the best approach, and at times the only approach, because local conditions will leave them no other choice† (Managing Brands, 2005). By adapting their brand to local conditions but insisting that everything sold in the similarly decorated coffee houses carries the

Golden Ocean Group Limted Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Golden Ocean Group Limted - Essay Example Golden Ocean deals with shipping of dry bulk. Primarily, this was the reason that the company demerged from Frontline Limited with the company’s key area of specialization being a spin-off of the dry bulk operations of Frontline Limited, the original company. By dry bulk, the company is in the business of shipping coal, iron ore, ingredients of steel or finished steel, gravel, sand, grain, or any other similar material. Using its own or chartered ships, Golden Ocean Limited delivers the dry bulk based upon the needs of its customers (Golden Ocean, 2010). Each year, the quantity of dry-bulk and customers increases in the shipping industry. Case in point, shipping companies registered a combined increment in shipment of iron ore imports, coal imports, grains, and steel products by more than 250million tons signifying growth (Golden Ocean, 2010). Indeed, these four examples of dry bulk products denote the operations of the company in the dry-bulk shipping industry.Golden Ocean st arted its operations with three vessels. However, the company’s operations have astronomically grown for the period it has been in operation and more so along the lines of its Capesize and Panamax vessels. On one hand, Capesize vessels are the largest vessels-in terms of capacity-operated by the company with the capacity to carry 110,000-190,000 tons of dead weight. In effect, there are a few seaports, in the world, that can accommodate these vessels due to the infrastructure required to accommodate vessels of this size.

Computer Security Incident Response Team Essay Example for Free

Computer Security Incident Response Team Essay In the last decade, more and more companies have started to look into e-commerce to connect them to the infinite world of global suppliers, partners, consumers and much more. This boom in technology has placed multiple assets are risk from a security stand point allowing hackers/crakers and anyone on the internet to gain access to these network and gain information or try to jeopardize business to a point where it stand stills. Increase in Denial of service attacks, child pornography, virus/worms and other tools used by individuals to destroy data has lead to law enforcement and media to look into why and how these security breaches are conducted and what new statutory laws are needed to stop this from happening. According to CSI computer crime and security Survey 2007, the average annual loss reported by security breach has shot up to $350,424 from 168,000 the previous year. To add to this, more and more organizations are reporting computer intrusions to law enforcement which inclined to 29 percent compared to 25 percent the year before. 1] To be successful in respond to an incident, there are a few things that need to be followed: 1. Minimize the number of severity of security incidents. 2. Assemble the core computer security Incident Response Team (CSIRT). 3. Define an incident response plan. 4. Contain the damage and minimize risk. [3] How to minimize the number of severity and security incidents: It is impossible to prevent all security related incidents, but there are things that can be done to minimize the impact of such incidents: †¢Establishing and enforcing security policies and procedures. Gaining support from Management in both enforcing security policies and handling incide nts. Accessing vulnerabilities on the environment on regular basis including regular audits. †¢Checking all devices on certain time frames to make sure that all the updates were performed. †¢Establishing security policies for both end users and security personal and asking for security clearance each and every time an access is granted. †¢Posting banners and reminders for responsibilities and restriction of use of applications, and other systems on the network. †¢Implementing secure password polices thought the network. Checking log files on regular basics and monitoring traffic. †¢Verifying backups are done on regular basics and maintained in an appropriate manner. This would also include the new email backup policy laws. †¢Create Computer Security Response Team (CSIRT) [3] Security threat is the same for both large, small, and government organizations and therefore it is important that regardless of what the company has for its security measures, it also ha s a written document that establishes guidelines for incident response. Incident respond planning is a set of guidelines that document on security incident handling and communication efforts. This plan is activated when an incident that could impact the company’s ability to function is established. Computer Security Incident Response Plan (CSIRP) should contain the following: 1. Mission: Things the response team will be responsible for, including how to handle incidents as they happen and what steps are necessary to minimize the impact of such incidents. 2. Scope: this would define, who is responsible for which area of security, it can include things like application, network(s), employees, communication both internally and to the public and much more. . Information flow: How information will be handled in case of an emergency and how it will be reported to the appropriate authority, pubic, media and internal employees. 4. Services provided: This document should contain all the services that are either provided to the users or services that are used or bought from other vendors including testing, education, service provider issues to name a few. [2] The CSIRT team must contain several members including a Team leader which will monitor changes in individual’s actives and responsibility of reviewing actions. An Incident Lead, that will be dedicated as the owner of set of incidents and will be responsible for speaking to anyone outside the team while and corresponding changes and updates. A group of individual’s part of the CISRT team called members will be responsible to handle responsibility of the incident and will monitor different areas of the company. Other members of this team should include Legal help, public relations officers, contractors and other member of management both from business and IT that can help during security breaches. If an Incident has occurred, it is important to classify this as an incident severity. Most companies use between Severity 1-5. 1 being the highest and 5 being the research phase where no system or user’s are affected. For most system anything under Severity 3 is not a major impact of the system but if there is a system wide issue that requires immediate attention, a severity 1 or 2 would fall under the category of Incident response procedure and set up a high alert. The cost of an incident can be very high, depending on the loss of data, therefore identifying the risk and all the real threat fall under this category. Once the incident has been identified it should go into the assessment phase, where it should be determined if the system can be bought back up again and how much damage is done. If the business is impacted assessment should be done. The assessment includes forensic investigation usually involving a team of expert that look into the how many computer were affected, what kind of information was stolen or changed, entry level of attacks, potential damage done by incident, recovery process and the best way to assess this from happening again. The next phase of this is containment, which is the assessment of damage and isolation of other systems that can also be compromised including network. Backup of the system in the current state should be done at this time for further forensic investigation. Analyzing of log files and uncovering systems that were used like firewalls, routers should be identified. Any modification of files including dos, exe should also be carried out in this phase. Once all this is done, the next step is Recovery. Recovery is restoring clean data back the system so it can perform is function as required. After installing last good backup, it is important to test the system before putting this in production again. Further surveillance of network and application should be set in place as intruders might try this again. Every company today, weather small or big needs an incident response unity to defend itself against predators on the web. The government agencies has set some rules and regulations on such standards and are required that company follow these standards to avoid further disruption of the service. This becomes even more critical for companies that play important place in the economy like credit card, health, insurance and much more. Several regional companies today can help plan CSIRP plan that provide help creating a team of individuals that can act fast in such situations. The implementation of such plan cost less in the long run, when compared to companies that don’t have such response plan and loose data that is critical to their survival.

Impact of Icebreaker Tasks on ESL Speaking Ability

Impact of Icebreaker Tasks on ESL Speaking Ability CHAPTERÂ   Background and Purpose Introduction Speaking is the most demanding skill among English learners and over the past decades, increasing interest in different aspects of improving speaking ability has triggered a variety of investigations, and theoretical discussions that have shed light on improving this ability. Icebreakers will be used in this study to improve speaking ability in adult upper-intermediate EFL learners. Ice breaking means breaking the ice between learners and using ice breakers to encourage students to interact all together. Statement of Problem The lack of proper speaking activities to improve oral production in adult EFL students of upper-intermediate level, results in a poor performance when speaking. This project expects to find valuable information that contributes to overcome the problems adult EFL students of upper-intermediate level face when speaking in the target language in the classroom. Theoretical Framework Speaking skill is as crucial as any other language skills. Shumin (1997) states that learning to speak a foreign language requires more than knowing its grammar and vocabulary. Learners should acquire the skill through interaction with each other. However, it is difficult for EFL learners to speak appropriate English in the classroom because of the limited language use in their real lives. Ice breakers are discussion questions or interaction activities used to help participants relax and ease in learning situation (Dover, 2004). The primary goal for an ice breaker is the development of an environment that is anxiety reducing and, which allows individuals to break the ice or get acquainted with having fun. Pillai (2007) mentions the purpose of ice breakers as helping new and shy students strike a conversation, developing communication skills and team building, breaking cultural barriers among students, promoting a sense of trust and friendship between students, encouraging students, and preparing them to learn by stimulating their minds and/or their bodies. Forbes-Greene (1984) defines icebreakers as tools that enable students to foster interaction, encourage creative thinking, challenge basic assumptions, explain new concepts, and introduce specific material. According to Varvel (2002) ice breaker is an activity used to help individual ease into the group setting. Also, Wright (1999) defines ice breaker as opening communication among students as between teacher and students. Jenkins (2011) argues that ice breaker should be dynamic and simple so as to satisfy students need to establish an appropriate social relationship with other students and teachers and also preview the style and content of the classroom event. According to Sapp (2007) principles of successful ice breakers are as follows: Simple Non-threatening Open ended Relevant Energizing Witkowski (2000) states that some elements should be considered in designing an appropriate ice breaker in the classroom. He listed these elements as follow: Objective Audience Time management Control As a matter of fact, we can say that how well students do in class depends mostly on how well teacher breaks the ice between them. From this point of view, English teachers should reconsider the methodology they can apply in their classes and try to improve their teaching ability. Purpose of the Study In terms of skills, producing a coherent and fluent piece of speech is probably the most important thing there is to do between EFL learners. The present study investigates ice breaking tasks as activities that presumed to play a role in EFL speaking classes. The first question this study tries to answer is whether or not providing students with ice braking tasks as their classroom activities will exert any impact on their speaking skill. According to Peterson (2010), beginning your lesson plans with a five-minute ice breaker can serve to focus your students on the topic, open up creative thinking and help them to apply the learning in new ways. According to Leblanc (2011) ice breaking activities will help students to turn off the outside world and focus on the task at hand. By the end of the ice breaking activity, every student will be ready to learn and being able to focus on their language lesson. Then, a teacher will reach every student and will help their students achieve their language goals. In any classroom, there always are students who are more reticent and are willing to let others do all the participating. By engaging students to take part in a low-risk, ice-breaking activity, teachers will reach every student and will help their students achieve their language goals. Based on the problems and purpose of study, the following research questions were proposed: Does providing students with ice- breaking tasks have any effect on their speaking ability? To what extent ice-breakers improve speaking? What factors can be considered in testing speaking ability of EFL learners? What is the effect of using ice-breakers in improving every factor that considered in testing learners speaking ability? What is the correlation between using ice-breaker activities and students gender? When teachers use ice- breaking as a strategy to improve oral ability in English classrooms? 1.5. Significance of the Study In the age of internet and information technology, speaking English has become so important and many EFL instructors and supervisors understand the essence of the speaking process. Learning to speak English fluently is important to most of the students. Thus, helping students to develop speaking skills is a demanding enterprise for teachers. Using a good ice breaker is important to an English language lesson, as it sets the students up for success on many different levels. According to Flanigan (2011) performing ice breaking activities in English class will help students be in the right frame of mind to learn. Also proper ice breaking activities ensure that students will get the most from their class and they will have fun. 1.6. Research Design and Methodology 1.6.1. Research Design Since real random selection of the subjects is impossible, the researcher made use of intact groups based on the results of students previous general English test scores. Therefore the design which can fit this study is the quasi-experimental design with the pre-test, post-test pattern. In the current study ice breakers are the independent variable and speaking is the dependent variable. Thus the effectiveness of ice breakers, the amount of improvement, factors that can be considered in testing speaking ability, and effect of using icebreakers in every factor will be analyzed quantitatively by data analysis of pre-test and post-test, and qualitatively by analyzing teachers view point about the usefulness of ice-breakers. 1.6.2. Setting and Participants After administering the sample speaking IELTS test, on the basis of the result, 100 students, whose homogeneities is confirmed-will be selected and divided into two groups ,one as the control group and the other one as the experimental group. Coming from different departments such as Science, History, Literature, Computer Science and Civil Engineering, Both groups will attend English classes two times a week throughout the semester (about 18 sessions, 3hours each session). 1.6.3. Data Collection Instruments For collecting data, two instruments have been used in this study. The first ones are different kind of ice breakers that have been gathered from related standard sources. The second instrument is interview with teachers. As we will explain latter, it will elaborate in order to identify some aspects related to the teachers’ point of view about the usefulness of ice-breakers in upper-mediate level, and the students reaction to these kinds of activities. 1.6.4. Data Analysis As it was mentioned earlier, there is a six fold purpose that will promote the present study. This research is mainly an attempt (a) to examine the probable effect of ice breakers on the speaking ability of EFL students at upper-intermediate language proficiency level, (b) to investigate the amount of ice breakers effect, (c) to investigate factors that are considered in testing speaking (d) study the effect of using ice-breakers in improving every factor,(e) measure the correlation between using ice-breaker activities and students gender,and (f) the conditions in which the teachers use ice breakers to cope with reticence in oral English language classrooms. Data for this study obtained from pre-test, post-test, and interview with teachers. Then in order to do statistical analysis, the SPSS software is used. 1.7. Limitation and Delimitations of the Study 1.7.1. Limitations As many other studies, this study suffers from some limitations, those conditions beyond the control of the researcher that may place restrictions on the conclusions of the study and their application to other situations (Best Kahn, 1989, p.38). It seems that the following factors have limited this study in one way or another: 1. As a matter of fact, in order to give every single member of a population an equal chance to be included in the sample, random sampling is needed. Yet the type of sampling, which was employed in this study was the available group selection, i.e. instead of individual subject selection, there was group selection. 2. Subjects social classes were certainly ignored as well. 3. Teachers age, gender, and social class were ignored, too. 4. The number of subjects was limited to 100 and the extension of the experiment was limited to one term. 5. The generalizability to other language proficiency levels needs further research. 1.7.2. Delimitation In order to meet the criterion of manageability and to permit a satisfactory analysis of the results, narrowing down and delimiting the problems in any study have proved to be inevitable. This study is no exception; therefore, through a number of delimitations, the researcher tried to set the boundaries of this study: 1. What this study aims to investigate is the impact of ice-breakers on speaking ability of EFL Turkish students, not on any other aspect of their proficiency. 2. The participants were chosen from amongst the male and female undergraduate Turkish learners who are improving their English level in the American Culture Institute in Erzurum. 3. To reduce the subject anxiety during the speaking, the examiner was the students own teacher. 1.8. Outline of the Study Chapter one provides a general introduction to the study. In this chapter the purpose of the study, research questions, hypotheses, and limitations of the study were discussed and key terms were defined. In chapter two, the researcher reviews the literature related to the theoretical and empirical background to speaking, ice-breakers, and their effects and functions. Chapter three deals with methodological issues such as participants, data collection, procedures, research questions and hypotheses, etc. Chapter four is concerned with data analysis and discussion of the results. In the final chapter, we draw some conclusions from our analysis, discuss conclusive results, and provide implications for further research.

The Oppression of Caliban in The Tempest Essay -- Tempest essays

The Oppression of Caliban in The Tempest William Shakespeare's, "The Tempest," provides insight into the hierarchy of command and servitude by order of nature. This play uses the relationship between its characters to display the control of the conqueror over the conquered. It also shows how society usually places the undesirable members at the bottom of the chain of command, even though they may be entitled to a higher social status. For example, the beginning of the play opens with a scene on a boat in the midst of a terrible storm. The boatswain, who is under the command of the royal party, attempts to keep the boat from sinking. Members of the royal party, however, persist in interfering with his duties. The boatswain retorts, "What cares these roarers for the name of the king? To cabin! Silence! Trouble us not"(I, I, 16-18). He is trying to warn his superiors that if he does not let him do his job, everyone will die, and it will not matter who has power over whom. The superiors, however, still take offense to this comment and label him a blasphemer. Caliban, an unfortunate character in this play, suffers from similar constant abuse because he is of the lowest social rank in his community. Critic John W. Draper describes Caliban's position in relation to the other characters when he says,      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Of all the characters in Shakespeare, Caliban is the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     most fully and repeatedly/ described, though not always   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     consistently; and his bodily parts seem to show little/   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     relation to his humor or his character except that both   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     are monstrous. Monsters/ were popular; and, as Trinculo   Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ... "Monster Caliban.."Caliban. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 1992. 89-94. Evans, G. Blakemore. Ed. The Riverside Shakespeare. by William Shakespeare. 1552- 1616. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1974. Leininger, Lorie Jerrell. "The Miranda Trap: Sexism and Racism in Shakespeare's Tempest." The Tempest: Critical Essays.Ed. Patrick M. Murphy. New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Routledge, 2001. 223-229. Smith, James. "Caliban." Caliban. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 1992. 124-150. Vaughan, Virginia Mason. "Caliban's Theatrical Metamorphoses." Caliban. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 1992. 192-206. Vaughan, Alden T. & Virginia Mason. "Shakespeare's Caliban: A Cultural History." New York: University Press, 1991. Wilson, Daniel, LL.D. "Caliban: The Missing Link." London: Macmillan and Co., 1873.

Charles Dickens Hard Times and David Lodges Nice Work Essay -- Lodge

Charles Dickens' Hard Times and David Lodge's Nice Work ----â€Å"Fact, fact, fact, everywhere in the material aspect of the town; fact, fact, fact everywhere in the immaterial.† – Charles Dickens In the early 1851, London staged the Great Exhibition to show the world, the achievements and inventions of the Industrial Revolution. Many people believed that this showed how much better, safer and healthier Britain was than its neighbours in Europe. People living in mansions amid lawns and fountains, with horse drawn carriages certainly felt that life couldn’t be better. However behind the publicity and the royal occasions there was another England, not so glorious. Benjamin Disraeli wrote that Britain was really â€Å"two nations†, Dickens wanted to show his readers what was behind the glittering faà §ade of Victorian industry. He wanted to show his readers the factual monotony behind the sulky blotch towns of industrial Britain. As the essay title suggests, both Lodge and Dickens have portrayed their format of an industrial landscape. Both authors’ coddle in a crestfallen environment of the industrial world: one at the height of a revolution, the other at the height of a decline. Dickens is keen to depict his Victorian contemporary world of Coketown in an essentially satirical context. It is emblemed with certain thematic issues including religion, the nature of employment and education, which follow course throughout the book. This surreal caricature of the Victorian landscape contrasts with Lodge’s realistically styled piece. Lodge’s passage, which holds a fictional veil over the names of â€Å"Rummidge and the Dark Country†, is clearly intended to represent Birmingham and the Black Country. In Hard Times it ca... ...o hold no target. In his account he mainly adopts an educational style prose to mirror the thoughts of his subject Vic Wilcox whilst also using a slightly more creative passage towards the end of the description to reveal political opinion and sentiment. Overall it is credible to say that the sources examined are quite detached in similarity. This maybe due to the large disparity of time between time periods. In view of success I think though Lodge’s modern style of writing should be recognized as playing games with the reader, I judge that the tone is overtly mundane and dreary. It is impossible to give a comprehensive argument on Lodge’s point of view due to his modern isolated style from the writing. Dickens is appealingly aggressive, motivating and quite favourably figurative. He leaves his readers without a shadow of a doubt of whom he is attacking. Charles Dickens' Hard Times and David Lodge's Nice Work Essay -- Lodge Charles Dickens' Hard Times and David Lodge's Nice Work ----â€Å"Fact, fact, fact, everywhere in the material aspect of the town; fact, fact, fact everywhere in the immaterial.† – Charles Dickens In the early 1851, London staged the Great Exhibition to show the world, the achievements and inventions of the Industrial Revolution. Many people believed that this showed how much better, safer and healthier Britain was than its neighbours in Europe. People living in mansions amid lawns and fountains, with horse drawn carriages certainly felt that life couldn’t be better. However behind the publicity and the royal occasions there was another England, not so glorious. Benjamin Disraeli wrote that Britain was really â€Å"two nations†, Dickens wanted to show his readers what was behind the glittering faà §ade of Victorian industry. He wanted to show his readers the factual monotony behind the sulky blotch towns of industrial Britain. As the essay title suggests, both Lodge and Dickens have portrayed their format of an industrial landscape. Both authors’ coddle in a crestfallen environment of the industrial world: one at the height of a revolution, the other at the height of a decline. Dickens is keen to depict his Victorian contemporary world of Coketown in an essentially satirical context. It is emblemed with certain thematic issues including religion, the nature of employment and education, which follow course throughout the book. This surreal caricature of the Victorian landscape contrasts with Lodge’s realistically styled piece. Lodge’s passage, which holds a fictional veil over the names of â€Å"Rummidge and the Dark Country†, is clearly intended to represent Birmingham and the Black Country. In Hard Times it ca... ...o hold no target. In his account he mainly adopts an educational style prose to mirror the thoughts of his subject Vic Wilcox whilst also using a slightly more creative passage towards the end of the description to reveal political opinion and sentiment. Overall it is credible to say that the sources examined are quite detached in similarity. This maybe due to the large disparity of time between time periods. In view of success I think though Lodge’s modern style of writing should be recognized as playing games with the reader, I judge that the tone is overtly mundane and dreary. It is impossible to give a comprehensive argument on Lodge’s point of view due to his modern isolated style from the writing. Dickens is appealingly aggressive, motivating and quite favourably figurative. He leaves his readers without a shadow of a doubt of whom he is attacking.

Digital India Essay

Digital India is a programme to transform India into digital empowered society and knowledge economy. Even though India is known as a powerhouse of software, the availability of electronics government services to citizens is still comparatively low. So this programme has been started by our prime minister Sri Narendra Modi on August 7,2014 to sensitize all ministries to this vast programme touching every corner of the government .This programme has been envisaged by Department of Electronics and Information Technology . The National e-Governance Plan approved in 2006 has made a steady progress through Mission Mode Projects and Core ICT Infrastructure, but greater thrust is required to ensure effective progress in electronics manufacturing and e-Governance in the country. The Digital India vision provides the intensified impetus for further momentum and progress for this initiative and this would promote inclusive growth that covers electronic services, products, devices, manufacturing and job opportunities. India in the 21st Century must strive to meet the aspirations of its citizens where government and its services reach the doorsteps of citizens and contribute towards a long-lasting positive impact. AIM OF DIGITAL INDIA PROGRAMME The vision of Digital India aims to transform the country into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. The programme will be implemented in phases from the current year till 2018. The Digital India is transformational in nature and would ensure that Government services are available to citizens electronically. It would also bring in public accountability through mandated delivery of governments services electronically. A Unique ID e-Pramaan based on authentic and standard based interoperable and integrated government applications and data basis. The vision areas of Digital India are of follows†¦. Infrastructure as Utility to Every Citizen High speed internet as a core utility shall be made available in all Gram Panchayats. Cradle to grave digital identity –unique, lifelong, online and authenticable. Mobile phone and Bank account would enable participation in digital and financial space at individual level. Easy access to a common service centre within their locality. Shareable private space on a public  cloud. Safe and secure Cyber-space in the country. Governance and services on Demand Seamlessly integrated across departments or jurisdictions to prove easy and a single window access to all persons. Government services available in real time from online and mobile platforms. All citizen entitlements to be available on the Cloud to ensure easy access. Government services digitally transforms for improving easy of doing business. Making financial transactions above a threshold, electronics and cashless. Leveraging GIS for decision support systems and development. Digital Empowerment of Citizens Universal digital literacy. All digital resources universally accessible. All Government documents/certificates to be available on the available on the Cloud. Availability of digital resources/services in Indian languages. Collaborative digital platforms for participative governance. Portability of all entitlements for individuals through the Cloud SCOPE OF DIGITAL INDIA The overall scope of this programme is: To prepare India for a knowledge future. On being transformative that is to realize IT (Indian Talent) + IT (Information Technology)=IT (India Tomorrow). Making technology central to enabling change. On being an Umbrella Programme-covering many departments. CONCLUSION The Digital India Programme will pull together many existing schemes which would be restructured and re-focused and implemented in a synchronized manner. The common branding of the programmes as Digital India highlights their transformative impact.

India’s Role in the Climate Change Summit Essay

The worlds nation today adopted a package dubbed the cancun Agreements buildings blocks for a future legal treaty to address climate change amid concerns that commitments to avert acceptable level of global warming remain missing. Negotiators from 194 countries agreed on a set of decision that the un climate secretariat said would set all governments â€Å"more firmly on the path towards the low emissions future† and provide support to developing countries on their action on climate change. India played a key role at the climate change summit , proposing a new mechanism to allow international scrutiny of all countries’ including India’ s action to crub emission of greenhouse gases. The invironment minister Jairam Ramesh also signalled that India would eventually consider legally –binding crubs on emission, a shift from its long standing position. Some environmental grouos have criticised these moves by India. But climate change analysts have said India’s proposal for serutiny of the climate climate change exchange actions reflect an acceptance of the principal of transparency. ‘’ And (Rmesh’s) assertions on legaklly binding actions is an indicator that India is willing to shift from the position of doing nothing to joining the global community in fiting climate change ,†an analyst in Cancun said. ‘’This does not mean India will accept legally – bending cuts next year,’’ he said . The Cancun documents of ficially recognise emissions curbs targets set by industrialised and developing countries and once every year by the developing countries. But the target of cutting global emissions by 50 % by the year 2050- part of the draft circulated yesterday – has been replaced by text calling for ‘’ subsantial’’ reductions in blobal emissions by 2050 . The Cancun decision pledge US$30 billion in fast start finance from the industrialised countries to support climate action in developing countries. The goal is to raise this to US$ 100 billion by 2020. Thew agreements also  recognise the need of countries to work towards the keeping the rise in the aversge global temperature below 2 degree c. ‘’ Cancun has done its job ,’’ said chistiana Figueres, head of the UN climate change secretariat after the agreement was adopted today. ‘’ lt is not what is required but it is the essential foundation on which to build greater collective ambition Figueres said. But several environmental group including Indias centre for science and Environment have pointed out thst the emission reduction pledge made by all countries so far are way below the whst is required to keep the rise in the average temperature.

American Jury System

The United States Court system has provided order and justice for the United States of America. The court system was made to make sure all citizens are receiving a fair trial despite gender, race, color, national origin, or religion. Each of the fifty states has its own state constitution and governmental structure. The court system is made up of laws, statue, and codes. President George Washington signed a law on September 24, 1789 called The Judiciary Act. This law established the jurisdiction and constructed the federal court system of the federal court system and made the attorney general position. The Court system is made up of many laws. The 1st and oldest federal law is the Constitutional law. This law is created in 1787 and is the oldest law. This law is held very high because it cannot be duplicated. The Statutory law is another made that is similar to the judicial law. Statutory laws are made by legal cases, which mean when a judge rules on a case; it becomes law on all future cases that are similar. The Administrative Law is another source of law that is known as the regulatory law. This law governs both state and federal agencies. With these sources of laws in the United States, the regulations have numerous aspects. Common Laws were also created in the court system and were originated in England. These laws were made to be a factor in civil, property, and contract cases. Common law was made by judges through decisions of the courts. A common law system follows the policy of stare decisis. The Court system is made up of many levels. There are 3 structures of the federal courts. The district courts, Courts of Appeals (appellate court) and Supreme Courts are made up in the federal court system. The appellate courts have no original jurisdiction. This court hears appeals from district courts and from federal agencies. The Federal Court system is a complex system for trying cases within the guidelines set forth by the United States Constitution and Congress. Federal Courts are imited in the types of cases in which they can preside over. They can only hear cases which involve diversity in citizenship or a federal question. Diversity of citizenship is when there is an issue between two parties who are located in different states but also cases that involve other countries. A federal question is when one of the parties involved in the case has an issue regarding a federal law or statute. Courts are made to find the purp ose of their jurisdiction. Federal courts have special jurisdiction over bankruptcy claims against the U. S and duplicated cases. This is the reason why special federal courts are just trial courts with limited jurisdiction. The Federal District Courts were made because it is the biggest class of federal courts that are able to maintain and handle multiple strengths of cases. Because the district court is a trial court you can have criminal and civil cases as long as they meet certain criteria. The Federal Courts of Appeal was developed to relieve the Supreme Court of hard difficult cases. They look at the decisions made by the lower courts and overturn and make a new decision. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. The purpose of the Supreme Court is to make sure that the laws and decision that are made in the United States are constitutional. The Supreme Court protects the constitution and what it stands for. In some situations the federal courts may appeal the case and it is going to get reviewed. State Courts handle cases for residents with inside/border of the state. Inferior/Civil Courts are known as small courts with small jurisdiction. This court is considered to hear minor criminal offenses and disputes between citizens. This can be considered a civil suit between property or anything that has to do with any civilian A Courts of Original General Jurisdiction is where a case is first tried. There is no appeal because the case has not retired. This court is called a trial court because they hear witnesses, receive evidence, and they try the case. Everything that happened in the trial is kept as a permanent record. Every state in the United State provide a state court of appeals, which is called Appellate Courts. People who are dissatisfied with the final judgment or think that the ruling was unfair can appeal their case. Usually the people that appeal are the ones convicted of murder or getting a death penalty. Defendants can always have many rights. They have the right to have a fair trial, represent an attorney, and to plead guilty or not guilty. Defense attorneys can assist clients throughout the trial. The attorney can give advice to the client and help with the prosecution. The attorney can give out all the evidence to drop charges against the client. Attorneys can give you advice to whether plead guilty, not guilty or no contest. They can also try and reduce your bail. Attorneys recommended trying to get a plea bargain to where you can get a reduce punishment if you know you’re going to get convicted. They can also try and reduce your bail. The main things of the court system are protecting individuals, upholding the law, reinforcing social norms, and resolving disputes. The United States Constitution was written to protect the people of the United States of America from its own government and to protect individual’s freedom and liberties and in criminal cases. The Constitution was made and designs to protect individual’s freedom and liberties. Without the court system the United States would be corrupt and many people would never get a fair trial. The court system is where everything goes to trial to prove whether there either guilty or not guilty. Resources http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jury_trial http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Appellate_court http://www. littletongov. org/court/rights. asp http://www. wisegeek. com/what-does-an-attorney-do. htm#lbss http://www. attorneys. com/criminal-defense/what-do-criminal-defense-attorneys-do/ American Jury System The United States Court system has provided order and justice for the United States of America. The court system was made to make sure all citizens are receiving a fair trial despite gender, race, color, national origin, or religion. Each of the fifty states has its own state constitution and governmental structure. The court system is made up of laws, statue, and codes. President George Washington signed a law on September 24, 1789 called The Judiciary Act. This law established the jurisdiction and constructed the federal court system of the federal court system and made the attorney general position. The Court system is made up of many laws. The 1st and oldest federal law is the Constitutional law. This law is created in 1787 and is the oldest law. This law is held very high because it cannot be duplicated. The Statutory law is another made that is similar to the judicial law. Statutory laws are made by legal cases, which mean when a judge rules on a case; it becomes law on all future cases that are similar. The Administrative Law is another source of law that is known as the regulatory law. This law governs both state and federal agencies. With these sources of laws in the United States, the regulations have numerous aspects. Common Laws were also created in the court system and were originated in England. These laws were made to be a factor in civil, property, and contract cases. Common law was made by judges through decisions of the courts. A common law system follows the policy of stare decisis. The Court system is made up of many levels. There are 3 structures of the federal courts. The district courts, Courts of Appeals (appellate court) and Supreme Courts are made up in the federal court system. The appellate courts have no original jurisdiction. This court hears appeals from district courts and from federal agencies. The Federal Court system is a complex system for trying cases within the guidelines set forth by the United States Constitution and Congress. Federal Courts are imited in the types of cases in which they can preside over. They can only hear cases which involve diversity in citizenship or a federal question. Diversity of citizenship is when there is an issue between two parties who are located in different states but also cases that involve other countries. A federal question is when one of the parties involved in the case has an issue regarding a federal law or statute. Courts are made to find the purp ose of their jurisdiction. Federal courts have special jurisdiction over bankruptcy claims against the U. S and duplicated cases. This is the reason why special federal courts are just trial courts with limited jurisdiction. The Federal District Courts were made because it is the biggest class of federal courts that are able to maintain and handle multiple strengths of cases. Because the district court is a trial court you can have criminal and civil cases as long as they meet certain criteria. The Federal Courts of Appeal was developed to relieve the Supreme Court of hard difficult cases. They look at the decisions made by the lower courts and overturn and make a new decision. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the United States. The purpose of the Supreme Court is to make sure that the laws and decision that are made in the United States are constitutional. The Supreme Court protects the constitution and what it stands for. In some situations the federal courts may appeal the case and it is going to get reviewed. State Courts handle cases for residents with inside/border of the state. Inferior/Civil Courts are known as small courts with small jurisdiction. This court is considered to hear minor criminal offenses and disputes between citizens. This can be considered a civil suit between property or anything that has to do with any civilian A Courts of Original General Jurisdiction is where a case is first tried. There is no appeal because the case has not retired. This court is called a trial court because they hear witnesses, receive evidence, and they try the case. Everything that happened in the trial is kept as a permanent record. Every state in the United State provide a state court of appeals, which is called Appellate Courts. People who are dissatisfied with the final judgment or think that the ruling was unfair can appeal their case. Usually the people that appeal are the ones convicted of murder or getting a death penalty. Defendants can always have many rights. They have the right to have a fair trial, represent an attorney, and to plead guilty or not guilty. Defense attorneys can assist clients throughout the trial. The attorney can give advice to the client and help with the prosecution. The attorney can give out all the evidence to drop charges against the client. Attorneys can give you advice to whether plead guilty, not guilty or no contest. They can also try and reduce your bail. Attorneys recommended trying to get a plea bargain to where you can get a reduce punishment if you know you’re going to get convicted. They can also try and reduce your bail. The main things of the court system are protecting individuals, upholding the law, reinforcing social norms, and resolving disputes. The United States Constitution was written to protect the people of the United States of America from its own government and to protect individual’s freedom and liberties and in criminal cases. The Constitution was made and designs to protect individual’s freedom and liberties. Without the court system the United States would be corrupt and many people would never get a fair trial. The court system is where everything goes to trial to prove whether there either guilty or not guilty. Resources http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Jury_trial http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Appellate_court http://www. littletongov. org/court/rights. asp http://www. wisegeek. com/what-does-an-attorney-do. htm#lbss http://www. attorneys. com/criminal-defense/what-do-criminal-defense-attorneys-do/