Kit Kat Company Essay Example for Free

fit hombre Company Essay1 INTRODUCTIONoutfit bozo started in August 29 in 1935 in York by Rowntree, in 1973 kit out cat-o-nine-tails entered in Japan market. In 1988, Nestle took over the fit out guy ( fit bozo, 2014). Today, getup computed axial tomography is truly successful in Japan, getup computed axial tomography has much than then devil hundred dissimilar products in Japan, it attend to Kit computerized tomography get much and more(prenominal) market sh atomic number 18 in Japan( Kit guy, 2014). More and more people think Kit Kat is like a logo in Japan, because in that respect are some special Kit Kat products only selling in Japan. Kit Kat success in Japan is the fact, but why Kit Kat is successful in Japan, it must be affect with generic dodging. Kit Kat using the right strategy to serve up them success. generic strategy is very important for the confederacy, it leave alone help the company increase the war-ridden. When the Kit Kat prefer t he right generic strategy, it will help the company more stronger, they privy get more market shares, help the company to be successful. 2. Generic StrategyGeneric strategy was described by Micheal Porter in 1979, Porters generic strategy is talking about how a company increase the hawkish advantage in their chosen market. There are three generic strategy, personify leadership, variantiation or focus, focus is about two different way, apostrophize focus or differentiation focus (Oxlearn.com, 2014). Cost leadership strategy means still the cost in the organization help the company to increase the competitive advantage. For example Wal-Mart, they are using cost leadership, they are very successful, they harness the cheap domestic suppliers and from low-wage foreign markets, they donjon the cost and usingthe lower footing selling to the customers (Small Business Chron.com, 2014). note strategy means a company using many different products to increase the competitive advantag e and get more market shares.For example, Apple company is a very successful in the world, they earn many different products, iPhone, iPad, iPod, Mac, Watch, etc. They are using different products to improve themselves, help the company to get more customers and market shares. Focus strategy is including cost focus and differentiation focus. The different with cost focus and differentiation focus is focus the cost or products differentiation. Cost focus is focus the cost, use the lower cost to improve the competitive advantage. contraryiation focus is a company try to produce the different products in the new market take the company more stronger, increasing the competitive advantage. Kit Kat is a successful company in the world, they are using cost leadership strategy and differentiation strategy.There are some reasons for why Kit Kat chosen cost leadership strategy. Lower cost raw materials. Kit Kat owned by Nestle SA. Kit Kat is selling coffee bean, when they making the produc ts, the need the raw materials, for example sugar, milk, coffee and chocolate. Nestle SA is doing business with this raw materials, so they sens use the cheaper prices to get the raw materials (MarketWatch, 2014). That will help the company to reduce the cost, it means Kit Kat can use the lower price to selling their product and keep the profit, increase the competitive advantage. Retail. In January 15 2014, the worlds first Kit Kat opened in Tokyo (Ashcraft, 2014).Before 2014, Kit Kat do not have any store, they only selling in the other craps. in all of the customer can cloud the Kit Kat from the supermarket or shops. It can help the company save the cost. They are selling in the supermarket can help the company, they do not need to hire more employees and open the own shop they need to spend more cost. Today they opened the first store in Tokyo, but customer also can buy the Kit Kat from the supermarket or in other shops, it can help the company get more customer and increas e the competitive advantages. There are some reasons for why Kit Kat chosen differentiation strategy. The strategy customer.Kit Kat has more then 200 different products in Japan. There are more then forty products are only selling in Japan, for example Wasabi, Strawberry Cheesecake, Lemon Vinegar, and Cucumber (Break with Kit Kat, 2014). Kit Katproduces many different products, that is achieve the differentiation strategy, they try to use the differentiation to improve the company. Different people has different taste, need and want, so different will get more and more customer to buy the products, different product is suitable to different customers. That is the reason why different products can increase the competitive advantage for the company. All of the different products have their own package, different colour and different weight.In 1942, Kit Kat fist time selling the blue Kit Kat in the market, in 1949, Kit Kat start to selling red Kit Kat in the market, after that, Kit Kat produced more and more different Kit Kat, for example, in 1990s Kit Kat start to selling the Nestle Macintosh Corporation ( Kit Kat, 2014). Japan is a positive country, people want to improve the quality of life, so they need more different products, they want more different experience. Everyones life is different, so they have different demand, students, workers and old people have different need, today you can find much more different Kit Kat in Japan, anyone can choose different Kit Kat for them. Different Kit Kat has own colour, people like different colour, so different colour can keep different customer and different weight is suitable for different customer, for example, if one family like eating Kit Kat, they need more weight, can help them save time, do not need to buy many times, so bigger weight is suit for them. Key competitors.Kit Kat is doing business with chocolate, but there are some chocolate industry in the world, for exampleFerrero brands, Mars brands and Cadbur y brands. They are also doing the business with chocolate, the are also very successful, so Kit Kat need to improve the competitive advantage. Other brand do not have much different products, but Kit Kat have many different products, it will help Kit Kat easy to get the customer. Kit Kat is owned by Nestl SA which also owns a go astray of other product brands, from 2007 to 2012, the market share only changed 0.7%, that mean differentiation help the Kit Kat keep the market shares (Break with Kit Kat, 2014).Kit Kats target market is men and women of all ages, so different products can help Kit Kat keep the market shares. All of the chocolate company selling the products in Japanese market, the number of customers is fixed, so Kit Kat is using differentiation strategy to increase the competitive advantage, when Kit Katfight with other company in the market, they are more stronger, they can get more market shares, help the company more successful. 3. Ebola and Kit KatEbola computer vir us is an infectious disease, this disease has a high risk of death (Who.int, 2014). First cases notified in March 2014 in west Africa.(Who.int, 2014). It affect the price of cocoa, in November the price of cocoa up twenty percent, before November it was up to thirty-five percent to forty percent (PBS NewsHour, 2014). West Africa is the worlds largest cocoa origin, when Ebola virus found in west Africa, that affect the cocoa trade, many farmer in Ebola virus disease, because this disease has a high risk of death, so much of the farmer died of Ebola virus disease, so they lose a lot of labor, they do have enough people to working with the cocoa, so the chocolate company can not buy the enough cocoa, demand higher then supply, the price of cocoa will going up. In USA, all of the price of chocolate increase ten cents for severally Kit Kat. Kit Kat is a chocolate company, cocoa is the most important raw material, they need the cocoa to make the chocolate, but the price of cocoa going up , so they need to spend more cost on the cocoa, but they did not pass all the cost to the customers, so in 2014 the gross revenue slump seven percent (FoodNavigator-USA.com, 2014).Kit Kat can use operational level strategy. Operational level strategy A plan that flesh out how a business will use its production resources to meet its goals. Many business managers will put together a detailed operation strategy in order to clearly present to subordinate staff their plans for how their portion of the business should function in order to attain its objectives (BusinessDictionary.com, 2014). The price of cocoa up around twenty percent is about the global economy, so all of the chocolate companies are increase the costs, they also need the cocoa to produce the products. If Kit Kat is using cost same like other time, they also want to keep the profit, they must transfer the cost to the customer, it means increase the price of the Kit Kat, but Kit Kat can choose to reduce the cost in the tr ansport or other please, they also can find the cocoa supplies from other countries, help them to reduce the cost.Seventy percent cocoa from west Africa, there are also thirty percent cocoa they can find, using the cocoa from other may be is cheaper, try to save the cost in the other places, for example package,or transportation. Kit Kat can find the cheaper other raw materials, help the company to reduce the cost. When Kit Kat try to save the cost in other places, do not increase the price of products, they can increase the competitive advantage, help the company keep the customer and market shares.4. ConclusionKit Kat is a very successful company in Japan. Kit Kat is start from 1935 to now, Kit Kat has 79 years history. In this 79 years, Kit Kat from a small business becoming this successful company, because they are using the right strategy, right strategy can help the company service and becoming more stronger. They have more the four hundred different products, they can fight w ith the Ferrero brands, Mars brands and Cadbury brands, and becoming same with that brands, even more successful in Japan. Different strategy suit for different situation and different company, there is not best strategy, there is only suitable strategy, a strategy may be can take the company more and more successful or closed.5. List of ReferencesKit Kat. 2014. KitKat History. Online. lendable from http//nestle.jp/brand/kit/about/history/ Accessed 22 DEC 2014. Oxlearn.com, (2014) Oxford Learning Lab Watch it Learn it Badge it. Online. Available from http//www.oxlearn.com/arg_Marketing-Resources-Porter%27s-Generic-Strategies_11_33 Accessed 28 December 2014. Small Business Chron.com, (2014) Examples of Cost Leadership Strategy Marketing. Online. Available from http//smallbusiness.chron.com/examples-cost-leadership-strategy-marketing-12259.htm l Accessed 28 December 2014. MarketWatch, (2014) Nestle keeps view on raw material inflation. Online. Available from http//www.marketwa tch.com/story/nestle-keeps-view-on-raw-material-inflation-2012-08-09 Accessed 28 December 2014. Ashcraft, B. (2014) The Worlds First Kit Kat Store Is Opening in Tokyo, Kotaku. Online. Available from http//kotaku.com/the-worlds-first-kit-kat-store-is-opening-in-tokyo-1501753395 Accessed 28 December 2014. Break with Kit Kat, (2014) Global Business Strategy. Online. Available from http//breakwithkitkat.weebly.com/global-business-strategy.html Accessed

Effects of Alcoholic Drinks to College Students Essay Example for Free

Effects of Alcoholic Drinks to College Students EssayAlthough intoxicantic drinkic drink may give you a feeling of elation and raise senses due to a lessening of inhibitions during the early stages of alcohol in ototoxication, alcohol is a depressant. It depresses the central nervous system traveling to slowed reactions, slurred speech, and ultimately, to unconsciousness. Alcohol progressively affects disparate whiz argonas. Alcohol first affects the part of the brain that controls inhibitions. When tidy sum lose their inhibitions, they may talk to a greater extent, get rowdy, and do foolish things. After several alcoholisms, they may feel high, but really, their nervous system is slowing down. Alcohol acts fast because it is non digested like food. Instead, it moves directly into the bloodstream from the stomach and small intestine. It takes a considerable time for alcohols effect to wear offas it takes approximately virtuoso hour for the liver to process the alcohol in angiotensin converting enzyme drink. ALCOHOLS DAMAGING EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN Difficulty walking, blurred vision, slurred speech, slowed reaction times, impaired memory Clearly, alcohol affects the brain. Some of these impair custodyts atomic number 18 detectable aft(prenominal) solitary(prenominal) one or two drinks and right away resolve when swallow stops.On the other hand, a person who drinks heavily oer a long period of time may stupefy brain deficits that persist well after he or she achieves sobriety. Exactly how alcohol affects the brain and the likelihood of reversing the impact of heavy drinking on the brain remain hot topics in alcohol seek today. We do know that heavy drinking may have extensive and farreaching do on the brain, ranging from simple slips in memory to permanent and debilitating conditions that require lifetime tutelar care.And even control drinking leads to shortterm impairment, as shown by extensive research on the impact of drinking on drivin g. A issuing of factors influence how and to what extent alcohol affects the brain (1), including * how frequently and how often a person drinks * the age at which he or she first began drinking, and how long he or she has been drinking * the persons age, level of education, gender, genetic background, and family history of alcoholism * whether he or she is at risk as a bequeath of prenatal alcohol exposure and * his or her general health status. BLACKOUTS AND MEMORY LAPSESAlcohol groundwork produce detectable impairments in memory after only a few drinks and, as the amount of alcohol increases, so does the degree of impairment. Large quantities of alcohol, especially when consumed quickly and on an empty stomach, can produce a brownout, or an interval of time for which the intoxicated person cannot recall key details of events, or even entire events. Blackouts are much more vernacular among social drinkers than previously assumed and should be viewed as a potential consequence of acute intoxication regardless of age or whether the drinker is clinically dependent on alcohol (2).White and colleagues (3) surveyed 772 college undergraduates about their experiences with blackouts and asked, Have you ever awoken after a night of drinking not able to remember things that you did or places that you went? Of the students who had ever consumed alcohol, 51 percent reported blacking out at whatsoever point in their lives, and 40 percent reported experiencing a blackout in the year before the survey. Of those who reported drinking in the 2 weeks before the survey, 9. 4 percent said they blacked out during that time.The students reported learning by and by that they had participated in a wide range of potentially dangerous events they could not remember, including vandalism, unprotected sex, and driving. Binge Drinking and Blackouts Drinkers who experience blackouts typically drink too much and too quickly, which causes their blood alcohol levels to rise very rapi dly. College students may be at particular risk for experiencing a blackout, as an alarming number of college students compel in binge drinking.Binge drinking, for a typical adult, is defined as consuming five or more drinks in about 2 hours for men, or four or more drinks for women. ARE WOMEN MORE VULNERABLE TO ALCOHOLS EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN? Women are more vulnerable than men to many of the medical consequences of alcohol use. For example, alky women develop cirrhosis (5), alcoholinduced damage of the mall tendon (i. e. , cardiomyopathy) (6), and nerve damage (i. e. , peripheral neuropathy) (7) after fewer years of heavy drinking than do alcoholic men.Studies comparing men and womens sensitivity to alcoholinduced brain damage, however, have not been as conclusive. Using imaging with computerized tomography, two studies (8,9) compared brain shrinkage, a mutual indicator of brain damage, in alcoholic men and women and reported that male and distaff alcoholics both showed signif icantly greater brain shrinkage than control subjects. Studies also showed that both men and women have similar learning and memory problems as a result of heavy drinking (10).The difference is that alcoholic women reported that they had been drinking excessively for only about half as long as the alcoholic men in these studies. This indicates that womens brains, like their other organs, are more vulnerable to alcoholinduced damage than mens (11). SUMMARY Alcoholics are not all alike. They experience different degrees of impairment, and the disease has different origins for different good deal. Consequently, researchers have not found conclusive evidence that any one multivariate is solely responsible for the brain deficits found in alcoholics.Characterizing what makes some alcoholics vulnerable to brain damage whereas others are not remains the subject of active research (34). The good news is that most alcoholics with cognitive impairment show at least some improvement in brain structure and functioning inwardly a year of abstinence, though some people take much longer (3537). Clinicians must consider a variety of treatment methods to help people stop drinking and to recoer from alcoholrelated brain impairments, and tailor these treatments to the individual patient. Advanced technology will have an important role in developing these therapies.Clinicians can use brainimaging techniques to monitor the course and success of treatment, because imaging can reveal structural, functional, and biochemical changes in living patients over time. Promising new medications also are in the early stages of development, as researchers strive to design therapies that can help prevent alcohols slanderous effects and promote the growth of new brain cells to take the place of those that have been damaged by alcohol. As well as damaging their health, university students who drink too much alcohol may also be damaging their academic performance.Alcohol The Benefits of Modera te Drinking Drinking alcohol in temper amounts can have official influences on physical and mental health. While alcohol is one of the most widely abused substances on the market, it is also one that features certain benefits for drinkers who consume it in safe amounts. For individuals who consume low levels of alcohol, benefits like reduced stress, increased cardiovascular health and decreased risk of developing image 2 diabetes offer a wealth of reasons for consumers to drink in moderation. Reduce Stress, Anxiety and Tension.Research shows that the use of goods and services of alcohol in moderate amounts can lead to certain psychological benefits. Low levels of alcohol can trigger stress reduction, easy feelings of anxiety and help consumers to reduce tension. In addition, low levels of alcohol consumption can also cause the consumer to feel more pleasant and relaxed. Studies on sleep show that people who drink in moderation get more sleep on average than do those who indulge in excess. These psychological effects of moderate drinking are positive ones that can be just to the consumer.A Longer Life The positive psychological effects of drinking in moderation can be associated with the studies that show moderate drinkers tend to sexual love longer than people who dont drink at all or those who drink in excess. Studies from a number of different countries including China, the coupled States and England indicate that longevity is highest among groups of people who drink alcohol in moderation. Increased Cardiovascular Health Several studies have shown that drinking alcohol in moderation has a positive correlational statistics with certain aspects of cardiovascular health.In particular, the risk of developing coronary artery disease is significantly lowered in conjunction with moderate consumption of alcohol. another(prenominal) link between alcohol and cardiovascular health shows that moderate consumption of alcohol has a positive correlation with surviv ability in the event of a heart attack. Those who drink low levels of alcohol are more likely to live and less likely to experience another heart attack. Alcohol produces several positive effects on the body when consumed in low levels. For example, it increases levels of good cholesterol (HDL) and lowers levels of bad cholesterol (LDL).Alcohol also acts as a blood compressed once it enters the human body, much like common aspirin does. Thus, when consumed in moderation, it can reduce the likelihood of developing blood clots in arteries. Decreased try for Type 2 Diabetes While consuming alcohol in large quantities has been proven to put drinkers at a higher risk for developing fount 2 diabetes, some studies show that drinking in moderation might have the opposite effect. The relationship between alcohol and type 2 diabetes is the center on of a great number of ongoing studies.Findings show, however, that moderate drinkers are less likely to develop type 2 diabetes than heavy dri nkers. All of these health benefits associated with moderate drinking serve as an incentive for consumers to limit their levels of alcohol intake. Too much alcohol eliminates the health benefits described above. The best way to maximize on the health benefits of alcohol is to consume it in low levels. Negative Effects of Drinking Alcohol on Physical Fitness While occasional alcohol use may not have a major impact on physical activity, there is a clear link between sports, work on and drinking alcohol.In fact, alcohol is the most widely used drug by athletes which is why alcohol related difficulties seem to be more common among those who exercise regularly. It is clear that drinking in excess can negatively influence exercise. Studies done to determine the influence that alcohol has on exercise Studies have shown that consuming alcohol has the following influence on exercise *Diminishes the use of amino acids and glucose by the muscles of the skeleton *A detrimental influence on the allow for of energy *An impairment in metabolism epoch exercisingIn addition, persuasive evidence implies that continual use of alcohol is connected with unfavorable effects on systems of the body and organs, including the liver, brain, heart and blood vessels. Exercising while under the influence of alcohol Drinking alcohol has a negative influence on motor skills, stamina and aerobic ability. Alcohol has the following effects on motor skills *Delayed reaction time *A decrease in hand-eye coordination * slight precision and balance Alcohol has the following effects on strength training and short term athletic functioning *A decline in athletic performance as a whole.*Decreased times in cycling and discharge *Weakened pumping power of the heart *Impaired temperature control while exercising *Weakening of grip strength *Decreased jump altitude *Lower 200 and 400-meter running performance *Becoming tired more quickly while participating in high-intensity workouts Alcohol has the f ollowing effects on aerobic performance *Dehydration *Considerably diminished aerobic performance *Hindered 800 and 1500-meter running speeds *An increase in health risks after working out in hot atmospheres for an extended amount of time Working out with a hangover.A hangover is caused by a number of factors including, dehydration and toxicity from the alcohol. The symptoms include a gloomy mood and headache. Unfortunately, these side effects can cause a decline in athletic performance. Working out with a hangover has been shown to considerably decrease aerobic adequacy by as great as 11 percent. Long term effects that alcohol has on exercise performance Long term, heavy (more than two drinks each day) alcohol use can impair exercise in the following ways *Hindering the cardiovascular reaction to exercise*Cause nutritional deficits from changes in nutrient consumption, digestion and metabolism. *Cause muscle injury, wasting and feebleness in several muscles, including the heart. *C hanging the bodys hormonal atmosphere It is also important to note that women might be more susceptible to the toxic results of alcohol on the heart. It is clear that drinking in excess can negatively influence exercise. Alcoholism is a growing problem in the United States and is even a problem in teenagers, too.Unfortunately, there are a variety of negative effects that are associated with the consumption of alcohol. While the negative effects can either be long term or short term, all of them start with the first drink of alcohol. Negative effects may not become apparent immediately, but as time goes on, the adverse effects of alcohol will become more and more noticeable and, in some cases, they can even lead to death. Diseases One of the negative effects that alcohol tends to have is the increased risk for multiple serious diseases.Increased consumption of alcohol can lead to serious medical problems such as cirrhosis of the liver, which often results in death. Infections, sleepi ng disorders and sexual dysfunctions can also be caused by consumption of alcohol. Recent studies have also shown that consumption of alcohol can actually raise the risk of certain cancers, including breast cancer, throat cancer and intestinal cancer. Consuming alcohol can be very serious and there are many grave negative effects that are caused by alcohol. Avoiding alcohol can help you avoid these adverse effects and perhaps even save your life.

Sudanese Islamic Banking System Commerce Essay

Sudanese Muslim Banking System Commerce EssayThe last thirty years catch witnessed the appearance and rapid involution of Moslem margeing in Sudan as Islamic country and outside of Islamic countries. Islamic desires provide product and services that do not contravene with Islamic law and gentleman conduct. The Islamic principles claim the Islamic sticks to operate give an all logical implicationant(predicate) role to social issues and developing saving as the hole. The history of jargoning in Sudan started in 1903 which the first bank operated in Sudan was the national bank of Egypt in 1903 and rooks the role of central bank in Sudan up to 1956, and followed by Barclays bank in 1913. The central bank of Sudan established in February 1960, which it drive the appearance of banking in Sudan, and during the period from 1962 to 1969 a numbers of domestic banks atomic number 18 established, and subsequently that followed by a numbers of hostile banks and branches were tot ally(prenominal)owed to operate such as Abu-Dhabi bank in 1976 and City bank in 1978. The year 1978 had witnessed the institution of first Islamic bank in the Sudan that was Fisal Islamic bank, marked the first step to Islamise all Sudanese banks later, after that the success of Fisal Islamic bank during this period led to appear a number of Islamic banks such as Tadamon Islamic bank, the Sudanese Islamic bank, the Islamic Cooperative development bank and Al-baraka bank, all these banks succeeded to attracting much depositors, and hence, more branches were opened over all stat of Sudan.In 1983 the government applied Shariah rules on all transaction that lead to Islimisation all banks and prohibited receiving or paying interest. In addition, during the period from 1985 to 1988 the new government issuing rules to open formulaic banks however it led to conflict between Islamic banks and conventional banks and this period characterised such as increase the private banks in banking g rocery store. Moreover, there are many irregularities and lack of interest by the competent authorities, make a shake-up the Sudanese banking system has suffered and dropped, that refer to the following reasons Firstly, has not received the decision with interest the responsible authorities and its implementation and follow-up of the Ministry of pay and National Economy, Central Bank of Sudan and senior management of the banks at that time. Secondly, let each bank to the Islamisation of how to see without assistance and follow-up by Jurisdiction. Thirdly, the lack of lag trained and familiar with the nature of Islamic banking in the State-owned banks that produce been converted to Islam about a dozen banks that any signifi crumbt number. Finally, the survival of conventional bank personnel to overseeing the investment funds status in the principal(prenominal) departments of investment banks branches of government. Available on Central Bank of Sudan (2010) In 1992 the new govern ment issued a more comprehensive law which envisioned an economy-wide Islamisation of the pecuniary system including the government firmament. Now all works banks are using Islamic modes of finance in all transactions. An important development worth mentioning is the attempt being made to eliminate interest from the government sector similarly. This led to increase the number of banks operating on the basis of Islamic mode of finance from 6 Islamic banks in 1980 to 29 in 1997 and to 33 in 2010. Also in this period a number of banks are merged such as government banks, and some hostile banks are terminated such as City bank. It can be in this report concerning on the last twenty years to explain and describe the structure and the type of business perform by Islamic banking in Sudan, also describe the main features of Islamic banking in Sudan. Iqbal and Molyneux (2004)Characteristic and Objectives of Islamic Banking in SudanThe main characteristic and objectives of Sudanese Islami c banking system was revolve some sex elements which are explained in the followingFirstly, Islamic finance involves a system of equity sharing and stake-taking. It works by the principle of a variant return depending on the real productivity and how well the project performs. Therefore, Islamic principle remains of equity, reward and risk sharing unlike the conventional concept. Secondly, Sudanese Islamic banking plays important role in the economy, which is to an extent a revolutionary development as it calls for new approach to the economy. Islam needs the economy its most important monetary and business dealings, to change away from debt-based partnership to an equity based and stake taking relationship. While the some debt-based transactions entrust still hold out in the Islamic bank but it will be based on the principle of Quard Hason (take for special case fore special reason and reassured by equal amount deposited in investment account. e. g. if some company deposit la rge amount in investment account for one year and after 8 months need some amount for dickens months, then will take Quard Hasan for two months based on deposit amount in the investment account because it enable the company to gain the net for this amount for two months which it can be provide the balance of investment account as guarantee to the bank). The overall purpose of the economy will be arranged towards equity based and risk sharing. Thirdly, in the Islamic mode ethics will play a key role. The ethical and social size will be essential to all economic activities, there will exist structure of halal (permissible) and Haram (prohibited) within which all economic activity, private and public, has to be taken in place. The ethical issue will work at dissimilar levels and therefore morals will effect to the conscience of the entrepreneur and the firm, the society, the legal structure and the supervisory of the state. However, Islamic banks activities which would be treated the capitalist in Halal productivity and subdue gambling, prostitution, the promotion of alcohol, and any Haram productivity. Therefore social and ethical will be part of the Islamic economic system, and then all bank transaction will be made based on Shariha law and Islamic norms. Fifthly, the government of Sudan encourage the Islamic banking is entrepreneurial driven to directed for all not provided towards financial expansion but also towards physical expansion of economic production and services. In the Islamic economy bullion will not put out money it is expected to finance talent, innovation and new ideas, skills and opportunities. Whereas, conventional banking operates predominantly on the basis of financial collateral, therefore the more money you have, the more you can get. This means that the viability of a project mainly depends on the financial worth of the borrower meaning that low collateral can reduce the chance of getting a loan, even if the project is viable an d the person has impeccable character. Whereas, in the Islamic system collateral is not ignored but it is reduced, through the trustworthiness of the person, the viability and avail of the project which is more important then the financial worth of the borrower. This means in the Islamic system greater emphasise is placed on human needs such as fair distribution, equity, community and individual development. Therefore, Islamic banking is more oriented towards the community, talent and entrepreneurship in Sudan to improve the individual income as specific objective and develops GDP as general objective. Finally, the Islamic system is non-inflationary this is a very(prenominal) important and fundamental aspect of Islamic banking because the rate of inflation in Sudan slightly stable during last twenty years based on developed banking sector. The linkage between financial expansion, money supply and the physical expansion of the economy is a result of the financial and banking dynam ics of the current time, however, the Islamic banking and finance restores the balance between these three variables. Stability in the value of money is a primary goal of an Islamic economy. Therefore all economic sectors are developed because Islamic banking helps to allocate alternatives between all sectors. Finally, provide financial services such as open accounts, transfer money, collecting checks, deposit and debit, and etc to the customers, Abdullah Hawiad (2008). The Operation ofIslamic Banks in Sudan All Islamic banks in Sudan operate similar to conventional banks by providing three types of accounts current accounts, saving accounts and investment accounts, in current accounts Islamic banks and conventional banks provide check book and take a tip off and in saving account not take a fee and also not offer to holders of saving accounts pull ahead but take leave of the account holder to use his funds in other business activities but this principal is guaranteed, today som e banks offer saving account as current account to attractive the depositors in the market. In the investment account Sudanese Islamic bank are different from conventional and others Islamic banks in others countries by providing profit to the lender in the end of year and this profit is determined in the end of year because the banks take a money as modareb and not determine the luck of profit because it depend on the all profit at the end of year, and also the investors agree in advance to region the profit and loss in a given proportion with the bank, but her the banks attractive the investors based on the percentage of profit divided to the investors in the front year which how banks offer high percentage will gain a large amount from investors in the future. Therefore, Sudanese Islamic banks are similar to Islamic banks in any Muslim countries but the main idea in Sudanese Islamic banking structure is to in corporate the classical mudarabah into a modern-day complex system in order to an interest-free banking system . The function of Sudanese Islamic bank can be explaining the structure of Islamic bank, the Islamic bank collect the funds from their investors is called Rab-al-mal, the Islamic bank is Mudareb (intermediary part or agent) which is transfer the funds to entrepreneurs based on Islamic modes of finance like murabaha, mudarabah, musharaka, bai-al-salam,muqawala, muzarah, and istisna, which the banks share the profit between the bank and the holders of investment accounts. . Magda Abdel Mohsin (2005)Structure and Size of IslamicBanking in Sudan The remarkable change in Sudanese Islamic banking industry in the last two decades there are an improvement in the performance of Sudanese Islamic banks due to improving in the infrastructure, stable the economic policies, the best distribution of income and resource among different economic sectors and end of the civil war in Sudan. According to these factors Islamic banks in Sudan grow rapidly in te rms of assets and deposits size and have maintained considerable profit level as shown by the represented balance sheets and income statements. In addition, the accounting published data show the contribution of these banks in full filling their social responsibility and in the reduction of poverty in Sudan as reflecting by the distribution of large amount of Zakah to the poor and free people, also the government establish family banks which is specialist to provide finance to the talent, innovation and producers family. Magda Abdel Mohsin (2005).Sudanese Islamic banking structure are grouped depend on economic sectors which are any groups are specialist to provide financial service for specific sector based on specific mode or creature of Islamic finance. However, the authorized banks operating in Sudan is 33 banks which are grouped in two types commercial banks, so it represents 83% from all banking and which are implicate 2 banks are state-owned banks, 21 are joint banks and 4 are foreign banks branches. The second type is specialized banks, which it represents 17% in banking sector and also involves 5 banks are state-owned banks, which include industry development bank, will offer finance to industry sectors (long-term finance), Sudanese agricultural bank, so its large bank because tillage represent a large sector in the economy, and Savings and Social Development Bank, and Family bank which is provide finance to producers family to improve individual income. In addition, enthronisation Bank is joint bank and specialized to issuing Sukuk in blood market and collect funds from lenders and invest these funds by them self in investment project without lending for a third companionship, (i.e. sharing between public, government and foreign). Available on Sudan Financial Times (2008). Therefore Sudanese Islamic banks have mainly applied five modes of finance in their financial instruments which are Murabaha, Musharaka, Mudaraba, Salam and Muqaula, it can be explained in the following figures-MurabahaMurabaha is referred to particular kind of sell, where the banks where the banks acquired the good and sell it to another client at profit margin or mark-up expressly disclosing to the purchaser the cost price that he has paid for the commodity.Murabaha represent the main mode of finance in Sudanese Islamic banking and all commercial banks depend on this contract in finance because it provide large profit margin for the banks in short periods therefore the central bank of Sudan restricted this mode to be invested by all banks in 30% of all their investments operations and the maximum profit margin for this mode not greater than 9% per annum. The other reason to restrict Murabaha because the need of allocate resource during all economic sectors by the central bank. Available on Central bank of Sudan policiesMusharakaMusharaka consist more than 50% of total finance because it use to finance in different sectors especially in industry secto rs because it needs long term finance and also central bank take each banks option to determine the percentage and margin of Musharaka profit and sharing.MudarabaMudaraba is mainly applied investment bank because it specialized to collect money from depositors and invest this funds directly without lending to third party and also investment bank specialized to issuing Sukuk in stock market because it issued based on Mudaraba only in Sudanese stock market on the other hand the central bank take the investment bank option to determine the share of Mudarib in the realized profit in the end of project investment and then the investment bank offering the depositors more profit than other commercial banks to attract more funds from investors. other mode of financeThe other modes of finance include Salam, Muqaula and Istisna, the central bank encourages all banks to diversify the finance among different modes to reduce the risk and maximize profit. Salam is very useful mode of finance appl ied by agriculture bank and family bank to improve the agriculture sectors and improve the individual income and this mode of finance is support by the central bank to finance customers without any collateral in the sectors of social and agriculture. Muqaula use to finance the real estate sectors and also istisna use to finance industry sectors this two modes of finance used by all commercial banks in Sudan, therefore, all domestic commercial banks established business units to compete the market and diversify the business and finance to maximize the profit and minimize the risk such as, Faisal Islamic bank (Sudan) established Takaful company, the real estate company and stock company to trade in Sukuk market. . Available on Sudan Financial Times (2008).Foreign banks size and performanceThe foreign banks represent 12% from all Sudanese Islamic banks and attractive most of export and import finance which are applying different modes of Islamic finance because Sudan are suffering from scarcity of foreign bullion due to the international ban and government ideology and foreign policy. Then foreign banks in Sudan play the significant rule to develop the export and import sectors by offering finance to issuing letter of credit and letter of grantee for all international transactions therefore it will drive the foreign market because it provide finance and service at low cost. Available on central bank of Sudan.ConclusionToday Sudanese Islamic banking sector are grow rapidly and more successful in the last twenty years and successful to improve the economy in the all sectors. In the other hand, according to the technology development all Sudanese banks are linked by network which it enable them to provide clearing house service, automatic teller service, Internet service and point of sale service, however, the degree of competition in banking sector is very high because some banks use the IT as barriers to block the likely banks to enter the market and use IT to compete the current market because the degree of completion increase after Sudan export petroleum and also large foreign bank need to enter banking market to finance long-term finance and compete the foreign currencies and letter of credit finance because it provide high profit to the banks.On the other side after ending the civil war and peace agreement in 2005 the central bank allowed conventional banks to start working in southern Sudan as its been mentioned in the conditions of the peace agreement but there are no literature of data available about the banks in southern Sudan because it established recently in 2008.Reference The Central Bank of Sudan Policies, available on http//www.cbos.gov.sd/english/policies.htm last accessed 07.04.2010. Thirty Years of Islamic Banking History, mental process and Prospects, Munawar Iqbal and Philip Molyneux (2004). Islamic Banking System, Islamic Banking Concept, Abdullah Hawiad(2008), available on http//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abst ract_id=1283093, last accessed 08.04.2010. Magda Abdel Mohsin (2005) The Practice of Islamic Banking System in Sudan, available on http//www.sesrtcic.org/files/article/82.pdf last accessed 02.04.2010. Islamic Banking in the Sudan available on Sudan Financial Times (2008) http//www.sudanfinancialtimes.com/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=166Itemid=33, last accessed 08.04.2010. Central bank polices, available on http//www.bankofsudan.org/english/backge.htm last accessed 09.04.2010. Banking and Financial Sectors, available on central bank of Sudan http//www.bankofsudan.org/english/id_e/banks/banks.htm, last accessed 09.04.2010

Symbolism And Narrative Voice

Symbolism And autobiography VoiceThis extended essay aims to challenge the salmagundi of the female protagonists in Alice Walkers The likeness Purple and Nawal El Saadawis Woman at Point Zero as repressed by examining the question How is symbolism and yarn voice used by the beginnings to demonstrate each chars struggle with marginalization? The scope of this essay encompasses two works which endeavor to empower women as it depicts their overcoming baseball clubs norms. The use symbolism and narrative voice by Walker and El Saadawi to portray Celie and Firdaus experiences drew me to this particular work. This paper explores Walker and El Saadawis use of these literary devices to cast the actual complexity and defiance of their protagonists behavior, which overrides generalized nature of marginalization. Both books be an example of the influence caused by females struggle with chauvinism in two very different cultures showing it is still a global problem as it is creation ref erenced in two literary pieces from distinct times.The essay counts with two main sections, each emphasized in the specific literary device which is aimed to be explored. It ac humpledges the powerful tack together of the narrative voices and the symbolism on the reader, on how these two devices atomic number 18 intentionally introduced by the authors to strengthen up the intensity of the protagonists livelihood situation and by complementing each other they manage to give the character the ripening it deserves.Word Count 230Table of ContentsAbstract 21. Introduction.. 42. Symbolism 53. Narrative Voice..104. Conclusion..16Bibliography171. IntroductionWomens struggle to belabor heaviness has become a major issue over the last 50 years. The subjugation of women has non been an eternal feature of the human society, merely it became a product of the development of class society. This struggle is something that two authors consume tried to demonstrate, proving there is not tho iodin pose of view about it. lock in women have fought for their importance and this gets to be evidenced by dint of literary devices of symbolism and narrative voices in The Color Purple published in 1982 by Alice Walker, American writer and Woman at Point Zero published in 1975 by Nawal El Saadawi, Egyptian feminist. Books are a very efficient method to express an idea or a thought. Who does not have the energy to convey their feelings verbally has the ability to do so in writing, and regardless of the background context of the story (whether based on circumstance or fiction), by presenting these ideals in a write trunk, the necessary ingredients will be added to make the writing part of literature, that is wherefore the literary features are as classic and relevant as the same cheat on of the plot. The feminist genre has become a popular form of literature this is why the following question How is symbolism and narrative voice used by the authors to demonstrate each wom ans struggle with marginalization in The Color Purple and Woman at Point Zero? is going to be answered. It is eventful to fork out a comparison amidst these two novels as they have been some(prenominal) written by female authors as stated before and they show the overcome of chauvinism by the main characters, writing about a subjective look into the essential underdevelopment of marginalized characters. Celie from The Color Purple and Firdaus from Woman at Point Zero, are part of these characters, both led by different religions and political borders but with a very similar struggle.2. SymbolismThe use of symbolism without both novels is constantly present. Symbols have as a purpose to communicate a message. It is inside any literary piece to generate a deeper meaning in the stories 1, generally, the symbols are highlighted through the book to support the literary theme, just as sh receive in The Color Purple and Woman at Point Zero, where symbols play an fundamental role in the overcoming of the marginalization suffered by the main characters. To highlight in The Color Purple we find sisterhood, the relationship between Celie and her beloved sister Nettie, the one psyche who is constantly cheering Celie up and motivating her to keep on moving forward. The bond that represents their relationship is quilting. It is directly linked with the theme of sisterhood. Nettie and Celie used to devolve their free time (their free time meant the time none of them were serving for their dad or generally doing househ grey-haired work) together laughing and sewing old pieces of curtains in order to make one single quilt. The idea of sewing up different pieces and making them part of one same whole, represents unity. The union between this two sisters, were leaning on each other formed a particular engine, especially used by Celie, to continue on with her smell.The colourise gallant itself is the most evident symbol in the book. Purple may have many meanings and they all fit into the story of the book. Every different meaning ties up the thread of the story and guides the reader through the characters struggle showing them all the process until they overcome chauvinism. In the starting signal place, Shug Avery is the person who points out the concept of the modify purple to Celie 2. Shug, tells Celie how God does small things for people, like creating the people of colour purple just to make them happy and give them pleasure in their lives, he wants people to circuit board the beauty of his protest creations, to love his creations. As Celie learns to love life throughout her whole development in the fight to reach her happiness, she learns to love her inner self, fountainhead just as the color purple is a very small but important creation she finally recognizes the beauty she carries with her and decorates her bedroom in her own home with the color purple. The bruises on Celies beaten face throughout her pitiful life, the pain she has gone throughout her life has been showing off through the bruises in her face as she was being beaten up by her paternity and husband. Still all these bruises never stopped her from achieving her in aimence, the bruises just made her stronger. 3Last, the color purple is not as common as other colors the actual color was discovered with the secretion produced by some mollusk frame around the cities of Tyre. By being so rare and hard to find, it became a symbol of royalty because hardly the very wealthy people could afford it4. In relationship to the book, Celie associates the color purple and longs for a purple dress5, well wearing it would make her feel more than confident but overall, more powerful. The same color suffers en evolution as the development of Celies struggle is being exceeded. At the beginning, Celie did not consider herself to be treated as royalty, though at the end, as she feels more confident, she decides that purple should like a shot be the color that repre sents her.Clothes are a major symbol through the book. Pants, are another important factor. In the 1930s, pants were not common amongst women they were only used by men while women were only allowed to use fancy dresses or long skirts. This is why pants are the greatest symbol of womens liberation from the confines of a dress. When Celie decides not only to wear them, but to start her own logical argument on them, she becomes freed from sex stereotypes. Therefore they represent liberation from patriarchy and sexism, as well as economic independence, where women show they can also have winner without the help of men. Trousers are the main symbol in relationship to the overcome of struggle, they are the last symbol shown in the book letting the audience shaft how this change is Celies last and ultimate achievement.The letters to God are also important, as the tale is being told primarily through Celies own letters. Due to her isolation and despair, she initially addresses these le tters to God. God is at first a confidant. Throughout the story, Celie by discovering the letters from Nettie that Mr__ had hidden from her Now that I go to sleep Albert hiding Netties letters, I know exactly where they is.6. This helps her regain corporate trust and consent, by feeling she does have someone else to lean on and she was never bury making her change the recipient of her letters to Nettie.After the whole story has concluded, the last letter written from Celie is once again addressed to God, the starts, the sky and each other one of his creations thanking him for all her achievements, showing the last phase of her struggle, the recovery.7In Woman at Point Zero, Firdaus, a young woman waiting to be executed in an Egyptian prison, narrates the events and relationships that led her to become a prostitute and murder her pimp. El Saadawis perspective frames the story as she visits Firdaus in jail and feels overwhelmed by her strength. Money is one of the books greatest symbols as it creates a game between the parallelism of its own value and Firdaus well a man does not know a womans value. She is the one who determines her value. 8 Firdaus was told by Sharifa that the higher you price yourself, the more he will realize what you are really worth, and be vigilant to pay with the means at his disposal. And if he has no means, he will steak from someone else to give what you demand.9On her own, she learns that her body has a monetary value to men, and gets service of the fact that pleasure was something men desired, meaning that for the first time, men depended on her. The more she built and strengthened her self-esteem, the more confident she felt, and the more confident she felt, the more she would charge and higher the price of her service. In fact the real symbol comes to be price as it is what really categorizes something or someones value.Still the part of her narration with more symbolism is when Firdaus tears up the money and demonstrates mo ney has no power over her anymore. The prince will then declare her a total princess, outside the reach of money. Being a prostitute means developing a job, and money is its remuneration but Firdaus wants more than just being paid for her job, she wants to be recognized as a strong woman.Firdauss school security systems are also a symbol during her overcome. Books have accompanied her since she puerility her first encounter with books was thanks to her uncle as he secretly taught her how to read. He was the first person who initially shows interest in the young Firdaus and tries to guide her towards a better future. Reading helped her realize that there is more than just her small and poor village. Later on, as she moves with her uncle she starts school and achieves not only her school certificate but gets much academic recognition.Being a scholar made her self-esteem rise, she was proud of what she had achieved by herself with no one elses intervention, I have a secondary school c ertificate, and I want to work 10 she claimed. She knew her certificates would mean her departure to success.Finally we can find one of the biggest symbols throughout the book midsectionball. Eyes are constantly mentioned and highlighted in the story. As Firdauss story starts to develop, she emphasizes in the fact that eyes always seemed to gaze upon her.At the beginning, the images of the eye could be interpreted as something trivial, physical. But, as she mentions the eye that always looks upon her, and the story keeps progressing and she becomes more mature to at least distinguish from what is right and what is wrong, the image of the eye starts to refer as the moral sense that is constantly reminding her about her occupation. This brought also the meaning and interpretation of a new symbol feared by Firdaus, the feeling of someone watching over her.Another important point is the cultural relationship between eyes and the Muslim religion. Women are not to show their eyes to st r indignations, and it is prohibited for them to downright into the eyes of their husbands and fathers, they should lower their eyes in sign of respect and admiration. Women that are still into the orthodox tradition should stay under the hijab to observe from there the outer world. 1112The change the image of the eye suffers can be seen as the change in Firdauss outlook in life. As she grows up and understands the rules of society, her outlook on life switches from optimistic to hopeless. Still, at the end they show themselves again as widely open and confident.Both books contain these symbols to enhance and intensify the real meaning of this whole struggle by these women who have learned how to fend for themselves. These authors may coincide in the use of similar symbols, but the way in which Celie and Firdaus overcome their obstacles is completely different considering the vicissitude of situations that surround them. It is their cultural differences what protrude amongst both c haracters and derives the other factors. In order to successfully communicate to a wide audience, we must recognize the fact that things turn out different symbolic meanings to different cultures. Economic independence for example, is crucial in both characters but the means of obtaining this independence is completely different due to the cultural and systemic possibilities given to both women. This economic independence is symbolized with the obtention of money through prostitution in Woman at Point Zero and with pants in The Color Purple. While Firdaus has to go through social humiliation and lack of self-respect, Celie goes through a low self-esteem and a more stigmatized oppression from men who do empower over her with more facility than what men managed to obtain from Firdaus as the story progresses.3. Narrative VoiceNarrative voice is the fiber telling the story the persona develops from the personality and attitude of the storyteller, which are expressed by the narrators c hoice of words and incidents. These in turn depend on the point of view of the story. The point of view goes hand by hand with the narrative voice it is what makes emphasis in the personality of the character meaning that it would show the development of the character along the story. 13An interesting characteristic of The Color Purle, is the fact that the first person narrator will introduce the events in letter forms. As it has been mentioned before, the first half of the book is told completely from Celies point of view as she addresses letters to God in some diary form to let God know about everything that surrounds her. As the book opens, Celie is clearly a victim her narrative actually begins as a result of her victimization. Her father tells her to hide from everyone the secret about him raping her, telling anyone but God. This was the initial motor for Celie to confide God about her struggles. As she is being emotionally, psychologically and physically isolated, she is inge st in the idea that she has no one who cares about her, this is why she also leans on God.Celies point of view gets to be interesting. Unlike her sister Nettie, she is an ill-informed woman as she has been forced to quit school around the age of fourteen to attend her pregnancy, pregnant by her own father. Her lack of education is exhibit with her shortcomings in grammar and spelling but this does not cover the fact that she is still telling a powerful story She ast me bout the first one Whose it is? I say Gods. I dont know no other man or what else to say. When I start to hurt and then my potbelly is moving and then that little baby come out my pussy chewing on it fist you could have knock me over with a feather. 14 The earlier quote demonstrates a perfect example of Celies lack of education mixed with the intense situation she had to go through. Both factors as they are unite generate a much bigger impact on the reader as he gets immerse in a story where there is not only an e ducational problem but a tragic narration driving the reader to think of how the same lack of education may have caused to damages to Celie as she has no other guide other than her own ignorance.As Celie discovers her sister Nettie never stopped writing to her, but it was Mr.___ who hid the letters from her, she changes on the recipient of her letters still there is nothing artificial about her writing style. The reader can always identify a pervasive and stand quality of honesty throughout her letters. When I told Shug Im writing to you instead of God she laugh. Nettie dont know these people, she say. Considering who I been writing to, this strike me funny 15 writes Celie to Nettie.Celie gains confidence as she knows she does have someone watching over her and even though God is somehow left aside, he does not lose importance, Celie just gets overwhelmed by the fact that her new discovery would have seemed something impossible. The previous quote indicates her happiness, happiness achieved for the first time in a very long period of time. This evokes hope amongst the audience and reflects the characters emotion.From this event on, the book makes a certain turn and the reader will continue on knowing about her story but not throughout the letters addressed to God, but this time in the letters between Celie and Nettie. Nettie, however, is an educated woman, her grammar and spelling are correct and she discusses more complex topics in the letters. Still, it does not compare to how powerful Celies story is.In Woman at Point Zero even though the first person narrator persists, the story is differently told. The narrative point of view is used to inform the reader of the political and socio-cultural context of the situation in which the protagonists find themselves, due to the fact that it is not only a story but it is based in a real life situation. The voices vary not from character to character but from character to psychiatrist, who represents the voice of the author.El Saadawis narrator starts by fulfilling the role of a psychiatrist who introduces the story of Firdaus. As the psychiatrist, she is looking forward to portray the handed-down oppression of women, in this particular case she works on the oppression embedded within the Islamic traditions as well as the lack of gender equality.Firdauss story begins to be embedded in which we think is El Sadaawis life. I felt somehow that my research was now in jeopardy. As a matter of fact, my whole life seemed to be threatened with failure. My self-confidence began to be badly shaken, and I went through difficult moments16 The quote not only lets the reader know about her situation but corroborates the fact that she was there just to compliance with her work as a psychiatrist.As Firdaus agrees to see her, she now becomes the listener, Firdaus becomes the narrator. The psychiatrist gets immersed in who is supposed to be her patients story, a new twist occurs, and the person who seemed to be vulnerable despite her wealthy sparing position and social class she expresses love and admiration for Firdaus who opened her eyes The power of truth, as savage, and as childlike, and as awesome as death, yet as simple and as gentle as a child that has not yet learnt to lie.17The psychiatrist writes this after hearing Firdauss story and watching her be escorted towards her execution. As she feels light-headed, Firdaus has convinced her that what surrounds her is a lie and, lies must be destroyed, this leaves her within the dilemma of thinking whether if her whole life has been an illusion or pure and simple reality. She also realizes that Firdaus is not in prison because authorities fear she will kill again if released, but because they fear the truth that she now possesses. Killing a pimp is not her real crime, exposing the hypocrisy and powerlessness of the leaders and princes she so despises, is. She now stops playing the role of the psychiatrist, and changes to play the role h erself as a human being.Firdauss story is purely more complex. Her story arises from silence, from her initial refusal to speak. This presence of the voice, which is meant to be experienced as the voice of a real person rather than the one of a fictional character, is the mark of a desire not to be silenced or defeated, a desire to impose oneself on an institution of power, from the position of the marginal.Firdaus was able to discover how Men impose deception on women and penalize them for being deceived, force them down to the lowest level and punish them for falling so low, bind them in marriage and then chastise them with menial service for life, or insults, or blows.18 Mens imposition over women was just being developed with the excuse of a culture and a religion, but that was not to be allowed anymore.Life taught her the significance of being a woman inside her society. Her eyes went wide open over the fact that it was no obligation for women to yield over men, but it was wome ns obligations to have the courage of standing(a) up against them and stop that believe once and for all. She is constantly expressing these emotions with resentment, an outraged tone evoking compatibility between the reader and the character through imagery.In her outcry against mens dominance, she exposes the multiple forms of hypocrisy and control used to gain authority over women. She hated men who tried to give her advice, or told her that they wanted to rescue her from the life she was leading, she said they saw themselves in some kind of chivalrous role.19Indeed, all those who supposedly rescue Firdaus, men and women alike, end up using her for their own purposes. though her life made her look as a victim, her tone as she tells her story does not show either sorrow or gloom, but anger and bitter. As it pertains to both books, The Color Purple and Woman at Point Zero, narratives are expressed in two different forms, private letters as demonstrated with the first book and a tra ditional storytelling based on a real life event, still both done in first person narrative.The differences between the two main characters are protruded with the tone that both authors imply. Celie is never seen as anything else but a victim, even though she achieves her independence at the end of the story her image only changes from victim to surpass, while Firdaus despite the difficulties always knew who she was, pointed to where she was going and demonstrated it since the beginning of the story as she stated I knew that women did not become heads of state, but I felt that I was not like other women. 20About the authors intentions, both embed their books with their life. Alice walker pretends to demonstrate not only the marginalized life of the characters she created but of black writers such as herself through the written word. The story itself is a representation of what Walkers ancestors went through in the eighteenth century.21 On the other hand, Nadal el Saadawi not only na rrates a real life story but in the same book she connects it to her life and describes how she felt while living the moment. Here is where the relationship with both authors varies Walker recreates what should have been the life of her family some years ago to feel close to her report while El Saadawi makes a direct connection and gets herself involved. Here, the cultural differences are not much of a factor influencing the authors to achieve their intentions, as narrative voices point out the outcry of two characters who aim for the same achievements.4. ConclusionBoth literary techniques complement each other to give the character the development it deserves. It is through the narrative voice and the first person that the character is expressed in its entirety to set free to a set of oppressed emotions in which the characters may find themselves immerse. Whether in writing as Celie did, or verbally as Firdaus, whose story was later on transferred to paper, the tranquility of both women is caused by the release of these feelings.With symbolism, the author looks to supplement those repressed emotions to give a deeper meaning to their struggle and give more validity to the achievements of these characters. Through these symbols the reader can be aware of the development of the characters as the story goes along, the more the symbol gets highlighted, the more important it is. The symbol is an essential element, which also integrates the background context of both, the author and characters to interpret the significance of theyre development and demonstrate the authors intention.Word Count 3971

Impact of the Discovery of Homo Floresiensis

Impact of the Discovery of serviceman FloresiensisThe discovery of Homo Floresiensis has pro run aground implications for what it government agency to be human race it raises incertitudes around the uniqueness of human lineage which is the foundation of our society and our religions.The three great problems for nineteenth nose candy ethnology and prehistoric culture were identified by Latham in Man and his Migrations (1851) as the unity or non-unity of the human species its antiquity and its geographical origin. This minusculelist has formed the basis for investigate into human origins ever since. The ambiguity surrounding each question has been cut back to both generations satisfaction, then thrown open again as changes in opinion round the world and its people mystify led to revisions. This cyclical process has provided the spur to fieldwork and the development of sweet techniques of classification, analysis and geological dating.Latham was writing at an interesting cartridge clip in scientific progress of thought, eightsome course of instructions before the Origin of Species was published. This was the foundation text for the biogeography of Darwin and W completelyace which accounted for the distri thation of life on the plant. The importance of these studies was their contri bargonlyion to the scientific investigation of interpretation via the principle of immanent selection. Individuals were the units under selection with the exploitationary results measured by their unlikeial reproductive contribution to the next generation.The notion of a cradle for mankind, a discrete geographical centre for human origins, is an ancient humor. The Garden of Eden is the best surviven example. Adam and Eve might be replaced, as they were in the last century, but the idea of an ancestral photographic plateland continued. The study of human origins now starts from a very different set of assumptions than it did when Latham penned his three questions . It is also extremely well-informed about process and patterns in the data compared to 150 eld ago. The celebration of progress has fallen from the agenda. Living peoples are no longer regarded as living representatives of a past which the Western world once feature. further for all these evidently fundamental changes the questions on the agenda remain the same. Why should the study of human evolution be restricted, because of the search for cradles, to some continents.What it means to be humanThe fascination with humanitys African origins, singular or otherwise, mud unabated. Great strides in understanding the development of advanced(a) human beings are soon being taken at the very southern tip of Africa. While a great deal of the atmospheric pressure management over the past few decades has been on the scholarly debate on whether earthly concern evolved once in Africa, universally known as the give away(predicate) of Africa theory, or several times all over the world , the multiregional hypothesis, a quiet revolution has occurred centred on what it means to be human (Stringer and Gamble, 1993). Within twentieth century archaeology and palaeontology, probably since the discovery of the Lascaux weakens in France, archaeologists engender continually weighd that, while anatomically modern Homo sapiens evolved somewhere amid 100,000-150,000 old age ago, humans didnt actually develop modern behaviours and thought processes until around 50,000-40,000 years ago (Wood, 1992). This event, known in some scientific circles as the creative explosion, was announced by what researchers saw as an abrupt blossoming of symbolic thought the ability to identify and create representations of entities. Thus, according to the creative explosion theory, H. sapiens displayed a recognizable intelligence equivalent to other hominids of the time, identifiable by the spelunk ar devilrk at Lascaux. Further evidence of the initiation of modern human behaviour is allege d(a) to include fishing, the manufacture of bone tools, and the use of decoration. Following the initial interest in Africa during the early decades of the twentieth century, the majority of archaeological research moved to Europe. The provoke concentration on the visible prehistory of Europe, including both cave and portative ar 2rk, resulted in a deficit of research into human origins in Africa. The research of the past twoscore years has indeed been remarkable in yielding up a great many fossil and heathenish remains from a broad dress of African environments. After a period of time of relative neglect, however, increasing attention was being given to the biological and behavioural changes that led to the evolution of H. sapiens, the last major even in human evolution. The triumph of archaeological research into the earliest prehistory of Africa was trumpeted by the archaeologist Desmond Clark in the Huxley Memorial Lecture of 1974. Titles Africa in prehistory peripheral o r paramount? it pointed to the overwhelming evidence from Africa for the origin of hominids, which overthrew the precedent view that the history of Europe is emphatically the prehistory of humanity. (Clark,1975). Eventually, evidence of an earlier prospering of the creative mind began to step up, south of the Zambezi River, and dated to the Mesolithic, the earliest date approximating 70,000 years ago. Similar artefact assemblages known as Howiesons Poort and Still Bay had been found at sites such as the Klasies River Caves, Boomplaas, and Die Kelders Cave I in South Africa (Grine et al., 2000). These sites included sophisticated bone tools, backed blades, a careful selection of raw(prenominal) material for rock and roll tools and the use of a punch technique however, close to of these were controversial in one respect or some other, until the discovery of Blombos Cave. Research into the Blombos Cave assemblages be possessed of been undertaken since 1991, and artefacts identi fied have include sophisticated bone and stone tools, fish bones, and an abundance of used ochre (Leakey and Lewin, 1993). Ochre has no known scotch function, and it is virtually universally accepted as a source of colour for ceremonial, decorative purposes. The Blombos Cave layers containing used ochre are dated 70,000 to 80,000 years BP, and, in 2004, a cluster of deliberately perforated and red-stained shell beads dating to the Mesolithic was found (Aiello and Dean, 1990). Without any obvious practical purpose these artefacts are currently interpreted as personal ornaments or jewellery, possibly belonging to the occupants of Blombos. The most persuasive variant of these finds, and numerous others throughout Africa, within the parameters imposed by previous and current discoveries and research, is that the growth of the human symbolic thought was a slow process that continued throughout the Mesolithic in Africa. Symbolism, and its deliberate representation, is a phenomenon ante cedently unidentifiable in any extant species other than H. sapiens, despite the genetic and predominantly behavioural similarity between humans and other primates, and can therefrom be interpreted as a distinctly human trait (Spencer, 1876-96).Symbolism, in all its forms, however has not always been strictly the prerogative of H. sapiens. many a(prenominal) investigators of Neanderthal culture believe that H. neanderthalensis was the earliest species of hominid to ritually bury their dead, and important evidence to support this statement originates from Shanidar Cave, located in the Zagros Mountains of northern Iraq (Solecki, 1971). amidst 1951 and 1960, excavations in and around the mouth of the cave were undertaken, allowing the recovery of a range of Mousterian tools, and the analysis of eight burials, relating to the remains of seven adults and one child. While four of these man-to-mans appear to have been killed by rockfalls, four others whitethorn have been deliberately hide (Gargett, 1989). Soil samples taken around one particular burial, known as Shanidar IV, revealed the straw man of pollen grains and slim amounts of vegetable matter. While there was very little pollen in most of the soil samples taken around the skeleton, two samples from the burial itself contained a rotund number of pollen grains representing a total of 28 plant species (Leakey and Lewin, 1993). This evidence was used to support the hypothesis that more than 50,000 years ago the body was deliberately and ritualistically buried on a bed of woody branches and flowers sometime during the months of May through July, during the blooming season for the plant species. Excavations of the cave over the next decade yielded cultural data as well as skeletal remains of Middle Palaeolithic Neanderthals and Proto-Neolithic modern humans, representing two periods renowned for the scarcity of such material (Solecki, 1975). accord to subsequent research, the Neanderthal and Proto-Neolith ic people of Shanidar Cave potentially followed culturally-defined methods for burying their dead in a base camp, possibly increasing the groups ties to a conventional home site. They practiced both primary burial (interment of a mostly intact body shortly after death) and secondary burial (final interment of disarrayed or isolated bones or of a body that had undergone some other burial process as a first stage) (Aiello and Dean, 1990). Offerings placed in the stark included bead ornaments and assumed favoured personal objects, but no obvious symbols of rank. The variety of materials included reveals an extensive long-distance exchange trade, and the mortuary practices are comparable to those of other contemporary Near Eastern cultures (Leakey and Lewin, 1993 Solecki et al., 2004). The material culture of the cave and the surrounding Zagros area is characterized by chipped stone industry and such innovations as a variety of ground stone tools, worked bone tools and abundant perso nal ornaments. These suggest growing cultural richness and elaboration, a semi-sedentary lifestyle and a mixed subsistence schema found both on wild species of plants and animals and early domesticates (Gargett, 1989). Though the interpretation of deliberate and ritualistic H. neanderthalensis burials remains contentious, with opponents suggesting the presence of flower pollen within the sober is a result not of deliberate adornment of the corpse but of the accidental deposition of flower and plant matter from burrowing rodents, until the theory of ritualistic burial is conclusively disproved it remains a highly persuasive hypothesis for cross-species traits of humanity. Although much has been make of the Neanderthals burial of their dead, their burials were less elaborate than those of anatomically modern humans. The interpretation of the Shanidar IV burials as including flowers, and therefore being a form of ritual burial, potentially evidence for the acknowledgement of a theor etical afterlife, has been questioned (Sommer, 1999). In some cases Neanderthal burials include grave goods such as bison and aurochs bones, tools, and the pigment ochre. Neanderthals performed a sophisticated set of tasks normally associated with humans alone. For example, they constructed coordination compound shelters, controlled fire, and skinned animals. Particularly intriguing is a hollowed-out outwear femur with four holes in the diatonic scale deliberately bored into it. Estimated to date at approximately 43,ooo up to 82,ooo years old, this flute was found in western Slovenia in 1995 near a Mousterian Era hearth used by Neanderthals. Its significance is still a matter of dispute, however, its perfect fit to get to modern and antique diatonic scales implies the deliberate manufacturing of a musical note making device (Aiello and Dean, 1990). Music beyond the percussive, in addition to ritual and symbolism, is another previously assumed trait of H. sapiens alone, and the S lovenian flute suggests a rethink of what it means to be human may be required.Similarly, the concept of lengthened care of community individuals is a trait usually attributed to the H. sapiens species. While other species present evidence of a rudimentary form of care, the deliberate attention paid to the prolonging of life of an individual with no primitive value to a community, such as providing nutrition to an elderly community member for an extended period of time, is peculiarity associated primarily with H. sapiens. It has been previously believed that this trait, in addition to being singular to the human race, can be interpreted as a definition of what it means to be human. However, similar to the evidence presented above, there has been strongly influential evidence of care in the community from Neanderthal societies. Following a 6 year excavation season beginning in 1899, the site of the Krapina caves, Republic of Croatia, yielded a number of osteological Neanderthal speci mens. Radiographs undertaken in 1997 indicated a number of surprising conclusions. While the boilersuit picture of Neanderthal health, based on the radiographs, was impressive, not all the specimens showed perfect health. Archaeologists were able to document one of the earliest benign bone tumours ever observe and identified, and one individual may have had a surgical amputation of his hand (Leakey and Lewin, 1993). In addition, several individuals had examples of osteoarthritis ranging in severity, and it is suggested that the extended survival of these individuals following surgery or the onset of debilitating arthropathies indicates a sophisticated level of care from the healthy population.Humans are a striking anomaly in the inbred world. While we are similar to other mammals in many ways, our behaviour sets us apart. Our unparalleled ability to adapt has allowed us to occupy virtually every habitat on earth using an incredible variety of tools and subsistence techniques. Our societies are larger, more complex, and more cooperative than any other mammals. Evolutionists, and scientists from other fields of study, contest that only a Darwinian theory of cultural evolution can explain these unique characteristics. The twentieth century is offering a radical interpretation of human evolution, arguing that Homo sapiens ecological dominance and singular social systems stem from a psychology uniquely adapted to create complex culture. Richerson and Boyd (2004) illustrate that culture is neither superorganic nor the handmaiden of the genes. Rather, it is essential to human adaptation, as much a part of human biology as bipedal locomotion. drafting on work in the fields of anthropology, political science, sociology, and economics, Richerson and Boyd (2004) convincingly attest that culture and biology are inextricably linked, and their interaction yields a richer understanding of human nature.Discovery of Homo floresiensisCurrently, it is widely accepted that o nly one hominid genus, Homo, was present in Pleistocene Asia, represented by two species, Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Both species are characterized by greater brain size, increased body height and smaller teeth relative to the Pliocene Australopithecus genus present in Africa (Brown et al., 2004). But it was the most spectacular fossil find of a generation that has marked twentieth century studies into human evolution. The discovery that a mysterious and apparently canny human species may have shared the planet with our own less than 15,000 years ago captured the imagination of palaeontologists and public a deal. Excavations at Liang Bua, a large limestone cave on the island of Flores in eastern Indonesia, have yielded evidence for a population of tiny hominids, sufficiently distinct anatomically to be assigned to a new species, Homo floresiensis (Morwood et al., 2004). An excavation team under the leadership of Australian and Indonesian scientists have unearthed the remains of eight human beings of relatively restricted stature and reduced brain volume, comparative to previously understood parameters for anatomically modern humans. In recognition of the combination of primitive and derived features, and their subsequently assumed status as a species distinct from Homo sapiens, the fossils were ascribed the name Homo floresiensis (Flores Man) after the island on which they were discovered.One skeleton, estimated to be that of a woman in her 30s and calculated to be approximately 18,000 years old, was only 1 metre tall, and the endocranial volume of the skeleton in question was a mere 380 cc, significant as it may be regarded as small even for a chimpanzee (Beals et al., 1984) and equal to the smallest-known australopithecines (Brown, et al., 2004). Investigations into the specimens, estimated to belong to at least eight individuals, show that H. floresiensis inhabited the cave at Liang Bua for an extended period of time ranging between 95,000 and 12,000 y ears ago. The common opinion of the archaeologists responsible for examining the tools and animal bones unearthed in the cave is that H. floresiensis individuals exhibited complex behaviour requiring the capacity for speech, and can therefore be regarded as social and intelligent human beings with creative ability. Stones carved and sharpened for particular purposes, and animal bones discovered in the cave, indicate that these people were self-made hunters, capable of catching animals larger than themselves, and associated deposits contain stone artefacts and animal remains, including Komodo dragon and an endemic, dwarfed species of Stegodon. in that respect has been some speculation that the stone tools found with it were actually made by Homo sapiens, mainly because it is hard to believe a creature with such a small brain could make such sophisticated stone tools. There is no other evidence in support of this, however, and if it were not for the small brain size, there would be no hesitation about assuming floresiensis made the tools because of the close association between the tools and the fossils. The same tools are found through the entire deposit (from 90,000 to 13,000 years ago) and, interestingly, they are not like any stone tools made by Homo erectus (Kaifu et al., 2005).The finds comprise the cranial and some post-cranial remains of one individual, as well as a premolar from another individual in older deposits. Dating by radiocarbon (C14), luminescence, uranium-series and electron spin resonance (ESR) methods indicates that H. floresiensis existed from before 38,000 years ago (kyr) until at least 18kyr (reference). It is alleged, with much research still yet to be undertaken, that H. floresiensis originated from an early dispersal of Homo erectus, including specimens referred to as Homo ergaster and Homo georgicus, that reached Flores, and then survived on this island refuge until relatively recently. The most likely explanation for its existence on Flores is semipermanent isolation, with subsequent endemic dwarfing. H. floresiensis overlapped significantly in time with Homo sapiens in the region, however, interactions between the two species currently remain unknown. Importantly, H. floresiensis shows that the genus Homo is morphologically more varied and flexible in its adaptive responses than previously thought (reference). The finds further demonstrate that H. floresiensis was not obviously an aberrant or pathological individual, thereby interpretable as anomalous and inconsequential within the field of human evolution, but is representative of a long-term population that was present on the island for approximately 80,000 years.According to the dwarfism scenario, it is assumed that the H. floresiensis line descended from Homo erectus. The justification for that belief, however, is currently experiencing much debate within the archaeological academic arena, and relies on the comparison between tool assemblages uncovered from the Liang Bua cave, and thusly associated with H. floresiensis, and a series of assemblages reported by Morwood in 1998, and dating to approximately 800,000 BP (Morwood et al., 1998). The similarities between these assemblages resulted in the assumption that H. floresiensis was a descendent of the manufacturer of the older collection of tools, H. erectus. H. floresiensis facial anatomy also loosely resembles that of H. erectus, and, in addition, the East Asia region in which the island lies is one of the regions where H. erectus was extant for a long period. One article published in Science journal in 1996 listed evidence that H. erectus had survived on coffee tree, an Indonesian island like Flores, until as recently as 27,000 years ago. (Swisher et al., 1996)Implications Society, religion and politicsDespite an academic and generic fascination with the process of human evolution, the creationist arguments in disagreement with evolutionary research remain influential. Accord ing to many creationist proponents, the reason why scientists have elected to give the fossils in question the name H. floresiensis is that researchers, who have accepted the idea that humans initially developed through evolution, cannot afford to imply a hypothesis that does not accord with the evolutionary myth they have presented. Evolutionists are charge of naming old human races by a methodology that relies on exaggerated interpretation of the variations presented between hominids, and in comparison with anatomically modern man, and thus results the declaration of the fossils as a new species. According to current creationist advocates, the H. floresiensis fossils are also a product of this methodology, and their description as a new species rests whole on evolutionist preconceptions. Predominant creationists have gone further to attest that the description of H. floresiensis as a new human species provides no support at all for the theory of evolution, but, on the contrary, reveals how forced the claims regarding it actually are (reference).The concept of the biological species is used in the present day for organisms included in the same course of study that are able to mate and successfully produce healthy offspring. This definition is based on mutual reproducibility as setting out the marches criterion between species. According to creationist proponents, however, there is no means of knowing, simply by analysing and categorising the fossilised bones of organisms that lived in the past, which were able to reproduce with which. Classification based on degrees of similarities between bones, and the variations exhibited among these, may not reveal scientifically definite conclusions as some species, such as the dog, exhibit wide variation, others, such as the cheetah, are known to exhibit only narrow variation. Accordingly, when fossils belonging to extinct species are discovered, creationists attest, the variation observed may stem from one of two r easons. This variation either belongs to a species exhibiting wide variation or to a few separate species exhibiting narrow variation, yet there is no way of knowing which of the two actually applies. Indeed, Alan Walker, palaeoanthropologist and evolutionist, admits this fact by claiming that one cannot know whether or not a fossil is representative of the community to which it belongs. He further states that one cannot know whether it comes from one of the ends of the species range, or from somewhere in the middle (Locke, 1999).Evolutionists define the H. floresiensis fossils as a separate species, and regard its small endocranial volume and short skeleton as characteristics of that species. However, creationists contest this by asserting that individuals may not carry all the features in the population gene pool, and, therefore, the features exhibited by individuals may not be those generally exhibited in a given population. Therefore, the smaller the quantity of fossils analysed the greater the risk of error in assuming that their features are those of the general population. Locke (1999) has elucidated this with a simple resemblance if a palaeoanthropologist of the future discovers bones belonging to a professional basketball player, then twenty-first century man may well seem to have been a giant species. He further stated that if the skeleton belongs to a jockey, on the other hand, then humans will seem to have been short and lightweight bipeds (Locke, 1999). According to creationists, therefore, the definition of H. floresiensis as a separate species based on its small brain volume and short skeleton, and the assumption that all individuals possessed those same features, is a mistake, and that these fossils may well be regarded as variations seen in old human races living at that time.In relative support for the creationist viewpoint, the real(a) surprise for evolutionists came from learning that a hominid with such a small brain volume lived not mil lions of years ago but only 18,000 years BP. Chris Stringer, from Londons Natural History Museum, admits this surprise to the archaeological community that the very existence of a creature with a brain the size of a chimpanzees, but apparently a tool-maker and hunter, and perhaps descended from the worlds first mariners, illustrates how little is currently known about human evolution (Wood, 1992). Peter Brown, one of the leaders of the research team at Liang Bua, describes the bewilderment within academic circles as a result of the cranial measurements, and admits that H. floresiensis is totally incompatible with evolutionary accounts that small stature is easy to accommodate within the evolutionary theories, but small brain size is a bigger problem to account for. According to the creationist theory advocates, the evolutionists own statements reflect the heavy vitamin C the fossil in question has dealt to the illusory scenario of human evolution (Wood, 1992).The confusion with reg ards to the interpretations of H. floresiensis is not restricted to the disparities in hypotheses between evolutionists and creationists. Scientists have been unravelling the mysteries of when early hominids first unexpended Africa, where they went, how many hominid species there were, and how they relate to modern humans, for more than a century. The H. erectus skull recently found in Indonesia adds a valuable piece to the fossil record, but scientists differ about where it fits in the human family tree. One particular specimen of cranium, known as Sambungmacan 4 (Sm 4), was found in the Sambungmacan district of central Java, Indonesia. It is that of a middle-aged or slightly one-year-older male Homo erectus who had probably suffered and recovered from head wounds. Two partial skulls and the fragment of a tibia had previously been discovered in the area. It is assumed that H. erectus, and perhaps other early hominid species, began leaving Africa approximately 2 million years ago, and fossil remains have been found in Asia, the Middle East, and Europe, indicating a widespread global distribution of individuals and communities. In addition to the media-friendly discovery of H. floresiensis, given the moniker of The Hobbit by the press, Indonesia, an island nation in southeast Asia, is the site of some of the earliest Homo erectus remains yet found. The relatively abundant fossil material provides scientists with an opportunity to study the evolution of the species and how it relates to modern humans. Anthropologists from the National Science Museum in Tokyo, analyzed the Sm 4 skull using digital visualization techniques, and compared it with other skulls found in Java. It is argued that morphological characteristics of early H. erectus in Java, represented by fossil finds from Trinil/Sangiran, more closely resemble those of modern humans (Baba et al., 2003). Fossil material from Ngandong, which has been dated to anywhere between 25,000 to 50,000 years old, su ggests that Java H. erectus had gone off on an evolutionary tangent of its own, developing distinct features that are not shared by modern humans. It is concluded by this research that Javanese populations became progressively more isolated from other Asian H. erectus populations, and made minimal contributions to the ancestry of modern humans (Kaifu et al., 2005).At one time scientists considered it thinkable that modern humans were the direct descendants of Asian Homo erectus. That idea has been discarded by many scientists who now think that while African H. erectus may be ancestral to H. sapiens, Asian H. erectus was an evolutionary dead end, similar to earlier theories regarding H. neanderthalensis, rather than the immediate precursor to modern humans (Kaifu et al., 2005). However, debate continues and other specialists believe that the African version of H. erectus is dissimilar enough to belong in a separate species category called Homo ergaster. The geological complexity of the Indonesian islands makes precise dating of the fossil material difficult and controversial. Fossils found at Trinil and Sangiran range in age from approximately 1.8 million years old to maybe as young as 780,000 years old (Swisher et al., 1996). Comparatively, fossils found at Ngandong have been dated at approximately 50,000 years old. The Sm 4 specimen is believed to fit somewhere between these two groups in age, and therefore may be contemporary with H. sapiens. The uncertainty of Sm 4s age lies in part with current disagreement as to whether or not all fossils from Sambungmacan represent a single fauna or are composites being derived from various age strata. Whether there is enough passing between the early fossils and the later fossils that they should be considered two separate species or a sub-species is also controversial. Based on variations in skull shape, and a lack of conversion among Javanese populations living 25,000 to 50,000 years ago, it has been concluded tha t Sm 4 is a transitional form, an evolutionary step taking the later Javanese populations farther away from classical Homo erectus remains found at Trinil and Sangiran (Baba et al., 2003). However, this conclusions is debated on the basis that the larger brain sizes of later materials, fossils dated at 25,000 to 50,000 years ago, are different enough that they should be considered a different species or at least sub-species. Sm 4 phenotypically appears to be a lot of the other material found in Indonesia. The material is morphologically very consistent, and shows continuity within Indonesian Homo erectus. There are some features, particularly around the jaw phrase that may be unique to the Ngandong fossils, however it is not clear whether the features are taxonomically significant or useful as species indicators (Baba et al., 2003).The disparities in the skulls seen in Indonesia may be a function of normal variability in any species, illustrated particularly well when considering t he variations in height between normal humans and those pang from achondroplasia both remain within the species of H. sapiens, however difference in stature can be remarkable.The claim by Desmond Morris, that the existence of The Hobbit, or H. floresiensis should destroy religion (Tattersall, 1986), is one which has been made before. Indeed, Richard Dawkins, an evolutionary biologist, still cannot understand why religion survived Darwin (Tattersall, 1986). Yet as science progresses, despite the decline of allegiance to traditional Christian churches in Western Europe, religion continues to grow world-wide in many different forms. Contemporary science, far from solving every question, often highlights the big questions which are central to human existence. This is the case with the discovery of LB1, the 18,000-year-old specimen of the new species Homo floresiensis. The find of this so-called Hobbit on Flores Island excites many academics within many fields, not least archaeology an d theology, as it poses the unresolved question of what it means to be human. LB1 becomes part of this contemporary question alongside developments in science, su

A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O’Connor :: Essays on A Good Man Hard Find

In A Good Man is Hard to Find there are troopsy factors that can be the theme. The theme can be about a family as a whole that lacks love for the grandmother, or about a family that goes on a trip that wound up having an accident, which puts them at the wrong place at the wrong time. Both of these themes are obvious to any reader, but it does not quite seem to match this authors depth style way of writing. In a brief write up on Flannery OConnor, it says OConnor is a honourableist, she focuses an uncompromising moral essence on the violence and spiritual disorder of the world. By knowing this about the author OConnor we can look deeper into this story and find morals of 2 characters as the theme. The two characters are the Grandmother and the Misfit. Even though they are both different as night and day, they both have morals and stands by their morals no matter what.Even though the Grandmother shows to be a victim of rudeness, opposing statements, and dangerous situations, she s till stood by her morals disregardless of the situations. In the first paragraph, the grandmother is a victim of her grandchildren and at the end, she is a victim of a murderer who ironically is much nicer to her than her own grandchildren It is easily sight that the grandmothers morals involve making her environment as pleasant as her personality. At the beginning, you can see how the grandchildren are making hostile comments towards the grandmother about going on the trip with them. As she sits in the back seat with the hostile children instead of allowing them to ruin her mood, she decides to point out the provoke details of the scenery- stone mountains the blue granite, the brilliant red clay banks slightly streaked with purple. (pg 199). At the end while a victim of a murderer the grandmother still tried to make some good out of the situation. Aint a cloud in the sky he remarked. Yes it is a beautiful day said the grandmother. Listen you shouldnt call yourself misfit becaus e I know youre a good man at heart. I can just look at you and tell. The grandmother said (pg 205). As stated earlier the grandmother was dedicated to keeping her moral of making her environment as pleasant as her personalityAlthough the Misfit is a murderer, he also has morals.